U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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One obvious application of the observing system will be to monitor potential terroristthreats to the United States, including the possible use of commercial and recreationalvessels to introduce nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons through the nation’s ports toattack large metropolitan areas or critical marine infrastructure. Thus, it is important thathomeland security personnel be actively engaged in defining their needs as part of theIOOS design process.Recommendation 26–4Ocean.US should proactively seek input from coastal and ocean stakeholder communities tobuild cross-sector support for the national Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) anddevelop a consensus on operational requirements.Specifically, Ocean.US should seek input on its plans from:• agencies with homeland security responsibilities, including ideas for future research anddevelopment to improve and enhance the system.• state, local, territorial, and tribal agencies, industry, academia, nongovernmental organizations,and the public in the design and implementation of regional observing systemsand their integration into the national IOOS.Assembling the Elements of a Successful IOOSThe success of the IOOS will depend on several design elements: measuring the right setof environmental variables to meet regional, national, and global information requirements;transitioning research accomplishments into operational applications; and developingtechnologies to improve all aspects of the system, especially the timeliness and accuracyof its predictive models and the usefulness of its information products.Critical Environmental VariablesTo establish a uniform national system, a consistent core of environmental variables must bemeasured by all of the system’s components. This core needs to strike a balance, remainingmanageable and affordable while including enough parameters to address watershed,atmosphere, and ocean interconnections and support resource management, research, andpractical use by many stakeholders. Measurements should include natural variables aswell as human influences.Based on an evaluation of more than one hundred possible environmental variables,Ocean.US identified an initial priority set of physical, chemical, and biological parametersfor measurement by the IOOS (Table 26.1). It also created a supplemental list of meteorological,terrestrial, and human variables that are related to ocean conditions (Table 26.2). 3While these lists provide a starting point for further discussion, many of the itemsincluded are actually broad categories rather than specific variables to be measured. Thelists do not specify which variables can be measured with current technologies, whichparticular contaminants and pathogens should be observed, or which sets of observationscan be assimilated to predict potentially hazardous environmental conditions, such asharmful algal blooms. Surprisingly, several important variables, such as inputs of air- andriver-borne pollutants, are not included at all.These lists will require further refinement and review by potential users of the systemand a mechanism must be established to solicit additional feedback. Regional observationneeds, such as fish stock assessments, assessments of sensitive and critical habitats, ormonitoring for invasive species, are best understood by those in the affected regions.Therefore, input from local and regional groups, organized through the RAs, will be essentialfor determining which variables should be included as national priorities.400 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Table 26.1 Proposed Core Variables for the IOOSParticipants at an Ocean.US workshop recognized the following variables as important measurements to be made by the nationalIntegrated Ocean Observing System.Physical Chemical BiologicalSalinityContaminants: waterFish speciesWater temperatureDissolved nutrientsFish abundance/biomassBathymetryDissolved oxygenZooplankton speciesSea levelCarbon: total organicOptical propertiesDirectional wave spectraContaminants: sedimentsOcean colorVector currentsSuspended sedimentsPathogens: waterIce concentrationpCO 2Phytoplankton speciesSurface heat fluxCarbon: total inorganicZooplankton abundanceBottom characteristicsTotal nitrogen: waterBenthic abundanceSeafloor seismicityBenthic speciesIce thicknessMammals: abundanceSea-surface heightMammals: mortality eventsBacterial biomassChlorophyll-aNon-native speciesPhytoplankton abundancePhytoplankton productivityWetlands: spatial extentBioacousticsSource: National Ocean Research Leadership Council. Building Consensus: Toward an Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System.Proceedings of an Ocean.US workshop. Arlington, VA, March 2002.Table 26.2 Proposed Supplemental IOOS VariablesIn addition to the ocean-specific variables listed in Table 26.1, the participants at the Ocean.US workshop highlighted a number ofother variables that affect ocean and coastal environments.Meteorological Terrestrial Human Health & UseWind vectorAir temperatureAtmospheric pressurePrecipitation (dry and wet)HumidityAerosol typeAmbient noiseAtmospheric visibilityCloud coverRiver dischargeGroundwater dischargeSeafood contaminantsPathogens: seafoodFish catch and effortSeafood consumptionBeach usageSource: National Ocean Research Leadership Council. Building Consensus: Toward an Integrated and Sustained Ocean Observing System.Proceedings of an Ocean.US workshop. Arlington, VA, March 2002.Variables should be prioritized based on their value in resolving specific issues orquestions, their application across issues, and the cost of measuring them. An additionalfactor to consider is the variable’s importance for global, national, regional, state, and localinformation purposes. Future deliberations will need to identify those variables which canbe measured using current capabilities and those that will require new technologies.CHAPTER 26: ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, INTEGRATED OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM 401
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
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Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
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Page 393 and 394: Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
Page 395 and 396: Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400: State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
Page 403 and 404: The estimated amount of natural gas
Page 405 and 406: Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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Page 411 and 412: PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 413 and 414: hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416: down about one-half of the highly-r
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Page 419 and 420: Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422: ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424: The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426: The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428: Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430: Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435: An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437: nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 440 and 441: Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443: Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445: Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447: Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448: Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452: This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454: Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456: University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458: cost of approximately $5 million; a
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Page 461 and 462: A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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Page 465 and 466: References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468: Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470: to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472: Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474: • coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476: Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480: PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482: intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484: the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486: Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488: Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
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single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
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Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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