U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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The federal government is taking some positive steps to address atmospheric deposition.For example, in 2001, EPA developed the Air-Water Interface Work Plan, whichidentifies over 20 actions that EPA will take over the next several years to reduce atmosphericdeposition of pollutants—including nitrogen compounds and toxics—into waterbodies nationally, using the authorities of both the Clean Air Act and the Clean WaterAct. 23 The plan is based in large part on a number of existing Clean Air Act regulatoryprograms that have not been fully implemented, including, for example: the maximumachievable control technology (MACT) standards for emissions of toxic pollutants fromsources, such as industrial facilities and coal-fired power plants; the nitrogen oxides(NOx) reductions under the Acid Rain program for power plants; a separate program toreduce NOx emissions to meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards; and controlson automobiles, trucks, vessels, and other mobile sources that will reduce emissions ofboth NOx and toxics.Recommendation 14–13The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, working with states, should develop and implementnational and regional strategies to reduce the sources and impacts of atmospheric depositionto water bodies, building upon plans such as the EPA Air-Water Interface Work Plan.Control of atmospheric deposition is currently hampered by relatively poor data onsources, atmospheric transport routes, and sites where pollutants are ultimately deposited.While several monitoring programs exist, relatively few are in coastal areas. Reducingatmospheric deposition would be greatly aided by better data, analysis, and informationon emission sources, fate and transport, and related environmental and human healthconsequences. (A further discussion of monitoring needs is provided in Chapter 15.)Because of the potential range of atmospheric transport of pollutants, widespreadinternational cooperation will also be needed. 24 For example, atmospheric deposition ofmercury will require concerted international action in addition to domestic measures.Mercury contamination in fish is a human health concern because of potential neurotoxiceffects, particularly for pregnant women and children, and depending on the location,it can come from a wide variety of sources.Recent studies have demonstrated that air pollution from human activities in Asiacan be carried across the Pacific Ocean by prevailing mid-latitude winds, with potentiallysignificant impacts on the concentration and number of air pollutants in North Americancoastal areas. This impact is likely to increase along with the growth of Asian economies.EPA, in conjunction with a number of research organizations, is currently conducting amodeling study of intercontinental pollution transport from Asia and its potential effectson regional air quality. In the Caribbean, studies are also underway to assess impacts in anumber of areas, from human health to coral reef health, caused by hundreds of millionsof tons of dust carried through the air from Africa each year. 25International action to control contamination by persistent organic compounds andother pollutants is carried out under multilateral treaties such as the Stockholm Conventionon Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution, as well as bilateral agreements between the United States and Canada andMexico. Additional international agreements may be needed to address specific issues,such as mercury.Recommendation 14–14The United States should work with other nations to develop and implement internationalsolutions to better address the sources and impacts of transboundary atmospheric deposition,and to initiate needed research programs.224 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
References1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Clean Water State Revolving Fund.” Accessed May 30, 2003.2 National Research Council. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993.3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “National Estuary Program Successes.” Accessed October 27, 2003.4 Harries, J.E., et al. “A Survey of Estrogenic Activity in United Kingdom Inland Waters.” Environmental Toxicology andChemistry 15 (1996): 1993–2002.5 Atkinson, S., M.J. Atkinson, and A.M. Tarrant. “Estrogens from Sewage in Coastal Marine Environments.”Environmental Health Perspectives 111, no. 4 (2003): 531–35.6 Potera, C. “Is Sewage Destroying Coral?” Environmental Health Perspectives 111, no. 4 (April 2003): A207.7 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Voluntary National Guidelines for Management of Onsite and Clustered(Decentralized) Wastewater Treatment Systems. EPA 832–B–03–001. Washington, DC, March 2003.8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulation andEffluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs): Final Rule.”Federal Register 68 (February 12, 2003): 7175 et seq.9 Ibid., 7176, 7239.10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “EPA and Agriculture Working Together to Improve America’s Waters.” Posted December 16, 2002; accessed October 27, 2003.11 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Gap Analysis. EPA816–R–02–020. Washington, DC, September 2002.12 EPA–State Task Force. State Water Quality Management Resource Analysis: Interim Report on Results. Washington,DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April 2002.13 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Managing Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agriculture, Pointer No. 6.EPA 841–F–96–004F. Washington, DC, 1996.14 American Rivers, Natural Resources Defense Council, and Smart Growth America. Paving Our Way to WaterShortages: How Sprawl Aggravates the Effects of Drought. Washington, DC, 2002.15 Holland, A.F., et al. “Linkages between Tidal Creek Ecosystems and the Landscape and Demographic Attributes ofTheir Watersheds.” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 298, no.2 (January 2004): 151–78.16 Natural Resources Defense Council. “The Causes of Urban Stormwater Pollution.” In Stormwater Strategies.Washington, DC, 1999.17 Schueler, T.R. Site Planning for Urban Stream Protection. Washington, DC: Metropolitan Washington Council ofGovernments, 1995.18 Chasis, S., and M. Dorfman. Testing the Waters: A Guide to Water Quality at Vacation Beaches. Washington, DC:Natural Resources Defense Council, 2000.19 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Total Maximum Daily Loads. National Section 303(d) List Fact Sheet.” Accessed June 16, 2004.20 Valigura, R.A., et al., eds. Nitrogen Loading in Coastal Water Bodies: An Atmospheric Perspective. Coastal andEstuarine Studies No. 57. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 2000.21 Valigura, R.A., et al. Atmospheric Nutrient Inputs to Coastal Areas: Reducing the Uncertainties. NOAA Coastal OceanProgram Decision Analysis Series No. 9. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1996.22 Great Lakes Information Network. “Atmospheric Deposition in the Great Lakes Region.” Accessed October 28, 2003.23 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Air-Water Interface Work Plan.” January 18, 2001. Accessed June 15, 2004.24 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “International Issues & U.S. Air Quality.” Accessed June 4, 2004.25 Garrison, G. “Caribbean Coral-Reef Ecologist Studies Dust from the African Sahel.” USGS Coral Reef Studies,News Archive, March 2002. Accessed June 4, 2004.C HAPTER 14: ADDRESSING C OASTAL WATER P OLLUTION225
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
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Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
Page 211 and 212: PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
Page 213 and 214: Restoration efforts have intensifie
Page 215 and 216: Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
Page 217 and 218: Although it has shown some success
Page 219 and 220: Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
Page 221 and 222: Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224: One of the difficulties in undertak
Page 225 and 226: Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
Page 227 and 228: The National Shoreline Management S
Page 230 and 231: CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
Page 232 and 233: Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
Page 234 and 235: Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
Page 236 and 237: Recommendation 13-2Congress should
Page 238 and 239: Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
Page 241 and 242: PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
Page 243 and 244: Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
Page 245 and 246: sources, such as industrial facilit
Page 247 and 248: meet water quality goals. Decisions
Page 249 and 250: Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
Page 251 and 252: nants over land, into streams and g
Page 253 and 254: Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
Page 255 and 256: USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
Page 257 and 258: Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
Page 259 and 260: Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
Page 261: assisting in the implementation of
Page 265 and 266: Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
Page 267 and 268: EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
Page 269 and 270: local, and municipal governments, w
Page 271 and 272: System DesignSampling protocols are
Page 273 and 274: Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
Page 275 and 276: and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
Page 277 and 278: Although many flag states take thei
Page 279 and 280: Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282: Recommendation 16-5Congress should
Page 283 and 284: Voluntary actions can provide a use
Page 285 and 286: Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
Page 287 and 288: developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290: 25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
Page 291 and 292: Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
Page 293 and 294: Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
Page 295 and 296: Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
Page 297 and 298: Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
Page 299 and 300: tant for ballast water, coordinated
Page 301 and 302: 10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
Page 303 and 304: each in the entire world. 3 A study
Page 305 and 306: Research Program), directed by NOAA
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Page 309: References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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Recommendation 19-15Congress should
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
Page 646 and 647:
INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667:
Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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