U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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CHAPTER 25CREATING A NATIONALSTRATEGY FOR INCREASINGSCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGEOcean managers and policy makers need comprehensive scientific informationabout the ocean and its environment to make wise decisions. Increased knowledgewill help achieve sustainable resource use, economic development, and conservationof the ocean’s biological diversity and natural beauty. However, toensure the highest return on the nation’s investment in ocean research,exploration, and marine operations, a national strategy is needed. Thestrategy should coordinate and prioritize basic and applied ocean andcoastal research supported by all federal agencies, increase partnershipswith the academic and private sectors, promote enhanced oceanexploration, and coordinate federal marine operations to reduceredundancies. Significantly increased research in ocean-relatednatural and social sciences will also be key to fostering a new eraof ecosystem-based management supported by sound science.Fortifying the Foundations ofOcean UnderstandingOcean science and technology are integral parts of the overallU.S. research enterprise and contribute greatly to society.They are essential to understanding the Earth’s environment and howit changes over time, improving climate predictions, managing marineresources wisely, finding beneficial new uses of ocean resources, protectingnational security, and unlocking the basic mysteries of life on Earth. Inaddition, important technological advances have resulted from devices originallydeveloped for ocean research and exploration, such as medical acoustictools that grew out of sonar technologies.Components of Ocean Science and TechnologyFor the purpose of this and the following three chapters of Part VII, the term ocean scienceand technology is defined as:• the exploration of ocean environments and the conduct of basic and applied researchto increase understanding of (1) the biology, chemistry, physics, and geology of theoceans and coasts, (2) oceanic and coastal processes and interactions with terrestrial,374 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
hydrologic, and atmospheric systems, and (3) the impacts of oceans and coasts onsociety and of humans on these environments; and• the development of methodologies and instruments to improve that understanding.Knowledge about the oceans advanced remarkably during the 20th century due tosignificant financial investments, a host of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies,new technologies, and an expanding community of dedicated experts. Despite thisprogress, the ocean remains one of the least explored and understood environments onthe planet and a frontier for discoveries that could provide important benefits. Broaderunderstanding is essential to make ecosystem-based, multi-use, and adaptive managementpossible and to conserve marine biodiversity. Ocean science and technology will play anincreasingly central role in the multidisciplinary study and management of the wholeEarth system.The chapters of Part VII focus on four building blocks of a renewed and restructuredU.S. commitment to improving ocean science, technology, and infrastructure in support ofsound management practices:• This chapter presents a national strategy for conducting research, exploration, andmarine operations at the federal level, in close partnership with academia and privateorganizations.• Chapter 26 explains the need for the Integrated Ocean Observing System to monitorand predict ocean conditions and processes.• Chapter 27 outlines the infrastructure and technology needed to support ocean andcoastal research, management, assessments, enforcement, and monitoring.• Chapter 28 discusses new requirements in data and information management toreceive data from many sources and generate useful products for managers, policymakers, and the general public.Federal Leadership in Ocean Science and TechnologySince the mid-1900s, the U.S. government has achieved a leadership role in ocean scienceand technology. For many years, the U.S. Navy was the major supporter, primarily throughthe Office of Naval Research (ONR). Since the National Science Foundation (NSF) wascreated in 1950, it has gradually assumed a larger role in this research portfolio, althoughONR remains a significant contributor in certain fields. Today, fifteen federal agenciessupport or conduct diverse activities in ocean research, assessment, and technology. Theheads of these agencies direct the National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP),created by Congress in 1997 to coordinate national oceanographic research and education.NOPP has provided a useful venue for agencies to jointly support selected ocean scienceand technology projects, but it has not realized its full potential as an overarching mechanismfor coordination among federal agencies, or between federal activities and those ofstate, local, academic, and private entities.Under the new National Ocean Policy Framework proposed in Chapter 4, the NationalOcean Council (NOC) will serve as the federal coordinating body for all ocean-relatedactivities and the NOC’s Committee on Ocean Science, Education, Technology, andOperations (COSETO) will assume leadership of NOPP. This new structure will allowfor creation of a national strategy to promote ocean research, education, observation,exploration, and marine operations. NOPP’s existing offices and committees will beincorporated within this structure (Figure 25.1). Ocean.US, the lead office for planningthe Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), and the Federal Oceanographic FacilitiesCommittee, which provides advice related to oceanographic facilities, will both report toCOSETO. An additional planning and coordinating body, Ocean.IT should be added toCOSETO to provide stronger integration for information technology activities. (Thecreation of Ocean.IT is discussed in Chapter 28.)C HAPTER 25: CREATING A N ATIONAL S TRATEGY FOR I NCREASING S CIENTIFIC K NOWLEDGE375
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
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Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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Page 370 and 371: which are widespread in European sa
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Page 374: Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378: tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Page 381 and 382: Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
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Page 389 and 390: Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
Page 391 and 392: over control of offshore waters. On
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Page 397 and 398: Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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Page 401 and 402: Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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Page 411: PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
Page 415 and 416: down about one-half of the highly-r
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Page 419 and 420: Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422: ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424: The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426: The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428: Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430: Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435: An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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Page 438 and 439: One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441: Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443: Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445: Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447: Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448: Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452: This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454: Furthermore, while some facilities
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Page 457 and 458: cost of approximately $5 million; a
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
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programmatic permitting,312-314prot
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coordination and cooperationin, 100
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Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
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common heritage of mankind,53deep s
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monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
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single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
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Service, 215, 260Economic Research
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pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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