U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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July 22, 2004The Members of the U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICY,directed by the United States Congress and appointed by the Presidentunder the Oceans Act of 2000 (Public Law 106–256) tomake recommendations for a coordinated and comprehensivenational ocean policy, hereby approveAn Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century,the final report of the <strong>Commission</strong>’s findings and recommendations infulfillment of our responsibilities and obligations under such Act.Admiral James D. Watkins, USN (Ret.), ChairmanRobert Ballard, Ph.D.Mr. Lawrence DickersonDr. Frank Muller-KargerMr. Ted A. BeattieVice Admiral Paul G. Gaffney II, USN (Ret.)Mr. Edward B. RasmusonMrs. Lillian BorroneProfessor Marc J. HershmanDr. Andrew A. RosenbergDr. James M. ColemanMr. Paul L. KellyMr. William D. RuckelshausMs. Ann D’AmatoMr. Christopher KochDr. Paul A. Sandifer
Page 3 and 4: FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5: THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
Page 10 and 11: Page 2—The Presidentocean educati
Page 12 and 13: Page 2—The Honorable William H. F
Page 14 and 15: Page 2—The Honorable J. Dennis Ha
Page 16 and 17: SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boe
Page 18 and 19: COMMISSION STAFFThomas KitsosExecut
Page 20: Robert Richmond, Robert Ross, Amy S
Page 23 and 24: Federal Efforts ...................
Page 25 and 26: Techniques of Cost-Benefit Analysis
Page 27 and 28: PART VIOCEAN VALUE AND VITALITY: EN
Page 29 and 30: Seafood Safety.....................
Page 31 and 32: PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 33 and 34: EXTERNAL APPENDICESPrinted as Separ
Page 35 and 36: Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 37 and 38: Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 39 and 40: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYAmerica is a natio
Page 41 and 42: and more than 37 million people and
Page 43 and 44: and economic research, as well as o
Page 45 and 46: Global Environment Policy Coordinat
Page 47 and 48: One pervasive problem for stateand
Page 49 and 50: checks and balances as agencies bri
Page 51 and 52: Because of the inherent overlap bet
Page 53 and 54: Figure ES.7 Population Density Peak
Page 55 and 56: tions, and many other necessary and
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Because contaminants can travel lon
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To reverse existing incentives that
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Sewage effluent and stormwater disc
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Critical Actions Recommended by the
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PART IO UR O CEANS:A N ATIONAL A SS
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than the combined land area of all
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Worldwide, fish are even more impor
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that copies the molecular structure
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Life Support and Climate ControlThe
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Excess NutrientsThe oversupply of n
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The nation is also losing thousands
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Figure 1.5 Population Density Peaks
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References1 U.S. Department of Tran
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57 Bookman, C.A., T.J. Culliton, an
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drama has played out. The United St
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Maritime Administration remained se
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Contention and StalemateThe 1981 in
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Consensus for ChangeSince the publi
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Box 2.1 Public Meetings of the U.S.
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Other Sources of InformationThrough
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public access, vibrant economies, s
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• Accountability: Decision makers
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Finally, ecosystem-based management
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economic, and even cultural perspec
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Testing results suggest that, after
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Figure P.1 Lines of U.S. Authority
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Box P.1 Acknowledging Change: The N
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CHAPTER 4ENHANCING OCEAN LEADERSHIP
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Figure 4.1 Ocean and Coastal Activi
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• develop and support partnership
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Recommendation 4-6Congress should e
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esource management decisions and po
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CHAPTER 5ADVANCING AREGIONAL APPROA
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Box 5.1 Regional Approaches at Work
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Nature and Functions of Regional Oc
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Enhancing Federal Support for a Reg
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Figure 5.1 Alignment of Federal Reg
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Developing Regional Ecosystem Asses
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erable public opposition to certain
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Box 6.1 Swimming through Hoops: Est
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fairness and efficiency argue for a
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NOAA Photo LibraryThis giant kelp f
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CHAPTER 7STRENGTHENING THEFEDERAL A
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The complexity of the current polic
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tendency to duplicate similar exper
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Nevertheless, during the 1970 reorg
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Table 7.1 Thirty Years of Proposals
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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CHAPTER 8PROMOTING LIFELONGOCEAN ED
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Crosscutting ThemesWhile this chapt
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The coordination activities describ
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Education and Sustainable Developme
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each specialists to study marine an
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Nonetheless, while the NSES do not
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Box 8.2 COOL Professional Developme
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Engaging Underrepresented and Under
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Recommendation 8-10The National Oce
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ences beyond the research arena. St
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Box 8.6 NOAA’s National Marine Sa
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References1 Belden, Russonello, & S
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CHAPTER 9MANAGING COASTS ANDTHEIR W
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The pattern of coastal growth—oft
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Box 9.3 What Is a Coastal Watershed
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nated, representing a variety of oc
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Box 9.4 Balancing Federal Ocean Act
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consolidated into a central reposit
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CHAPTER 10GUARDING PEOPLE AND PROPE
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Box 10.1 Hurricanes Wreak Havoc Alo
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spurred Congress to provide substan
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The federal governmentshould elimin
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CHAPTER 11CONSERVING AND RESTORINGC
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acquisition and easements are often
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Box 11.1 Examples of Large-scale Co
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step. There remains, however, a nee
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Protecting the Nation’s Wetlands:
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CHAPTER 12MANAGING SEDIMENTAND SHOR
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Figure 12.1 Dams Impede SedimentDes
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Developing Regional Strategies for
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of sediment (300 by USACE and anoth
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Long-term planning efforts for mana
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health of coastal areas. To be succ
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Table 13.1 The Leading Role of the
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Figure 13.2 Goods Traveling through
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coasts. One issue that may have spe
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Box 13.1 Federal Members of the Int
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tions. Similarly, in September 2003
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CHAPTER 14ADDRESSING COASTALWATER P
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Figure 14.2 Land-based NutrientsCan
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Figure 14.3 Changes in Funding for
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when total water volumes exceed the
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almost $1 billion per year required
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National Nonpoint Source Pollution
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Box 14.2 The Impact of Farm Nutrien
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impacts; and state and local govern
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Clean Air Act. In other words, the
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Collaboration at the Watershed Scal
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The federal government is taking so
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CHAPTER 15CREATING A NATIONALMONITO
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pling design and intensity, paramet
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Figure 15.1 Watershed Monitoring Ha
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that affect watershed, estuarine, a
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Box 15.2 Keeping Up With New Contam
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CHAPTER 16LIMITING VESSEL POLLUTION
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ment plans, the evidence of continu
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Port State ControlNations have the
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Figure 16.1 Most Cruise Ship Travel
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Recommendation 16-7The U.S. Environ
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Prior to recent international actio
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state, and port levels; resolving f
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coastal activities. Close coordinat
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CHAPTER 17PREVENTING THE SPREADOF I
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Figure 17.1 Great Lakes States Take
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Aquatic Plant Control Program, the
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Investments in new treatment techno
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• conduct a comprehensive nationa
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Recommendation 17-7The United State
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CHAPTER 18REDUCING MARINE DEBRISThe
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Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
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tional materials on marine debris t
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Box 18.1 Abandoned Fishing Nets Cat
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PART VIOCEAN VALUE AND VITALITY:E N
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the expansion of U.S. fishing capab
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The Magnuson-Stevens Act requires e
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Recommendation 19-4The National Mar
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The lists of RFMC information needs
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Although the background and recomme
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confusion for fishermen and the pub
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Environmental Policy Act, the Admin
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Box 19.1 Dedicated Access Privilege
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Recommendation 19-16Congress should
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levels, the degree of cooperation i
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legal action. Enforcement difficult
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nomic costs to the fishermen and co
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a significant impact on survival of
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In addition to global and multilate
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Recommendation 19-27The National Oc
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CHAPTER 20PROTECTING MARINEMAMMALS
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NOAA Photo LibraryOverall, the larg
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successfully prevented species from
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The MMPA prohibits the taking or im
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Foundation, U.S. Army Corps of Engi
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and behavioral problems will arise
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ment data, make it difficult to eva
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CHAPTER 21PRESERVING CORAL REEFS AN
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coral reefs in the Florida Keys alo
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NOAA, Damage Assessment and Restora
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Recommendation 21-2As part of the n
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Recommendation 21-5The U.S. Coral R
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Figure 22.1 The United States Impor
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Administration, the U.S. Army Corps
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• include the development of a si
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CHAPTER 23CONNECTING THE OCEANSAND
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The oceans are thelast great fronti
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Table 23.1 The Bounty of the SeaThi
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Harmful Algal BloomsThe term harmfu
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Marine Bacteria and VirusesBacteria
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• developing in situ and space-ba
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indicator species does not provide
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CHAPTER 24MANAGING OFFSHORE ENERGYA
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Congress responded to this debate b
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Figure 24.2 A “Process Rich” bu
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Box 24.1 Offshore Liquefied Natural
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For decades, Congress has debated p
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Box 24.2 The Federal Consistency Pr
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Recommendation 24-2The U.S. Departm
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Conversely, there is no comprehensi
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1970s to the early 1990s that produ
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5 Richardson, G.E., et al. Deepwate
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CHAPTER 25CREATING A NATIONALSTRATE
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Figure 25.1 Proposed Structure for
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It is time for the United States to
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Box 25.1 Examples of Ocean and Coas
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ing enactment of the 1976 Magnuson-
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Coastal communitiesdepend on health
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typical. This type of funding is us
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acceptable progress. In response, t
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task of repeating surveys of the sa
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OTA occupied a unique role among th
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and technological capacity to devel
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Steps of a U.S. Plan (2000). The se
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nies, nongovernmental organizations
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Table 26.1 Proposed Core Variables
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Another gap is in the development o
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IOOS. The differences in missions a
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Strengthening Earth Observations th
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CHAPTER 27ENHANCING OCEANINFRASTRUC
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Maximizing Resources through Collab
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improve the prospects for resource
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Dramatic advances insubmergence veh
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The Ocean Observatories InitiativeI
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(MMS), and EPA, and indirect help w
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• The USGS Coastal and Marine Geo
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Creating Virtual Marine Technology
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CHAPTER 28MODERNIZING OCEAN DATAAND
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Table 28.1 National Civilian and Mi
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Coping with the Flood of Incoming D
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type of education was wholly inadeq
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Interactions between private compan
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Recommendation 28-5The U.S. Navy sh
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CHAPTER 29ADVANCING INTERNATIONALOC
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Guiding PrinciplesThe guiding princ
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Table 29.1 U.S. Participation in In
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Commission, Intern
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• Seamounts. Worldwide concerns h
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U.S. Scientific Activities AbroadIn
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PART IXMOVING AHEAD:IMPLEMENTING A
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coastal management: “NOAA should
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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dination among federal agencies (Re
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ally over the next five years. Chap
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Under the new ocean policy framewor
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coastal resource treaty rights. A l
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CHAPTER 31SUMMARY OFRECOMMENDATIONS
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• creation of regional ocean coun
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Office on Ocean Observing (Ocean.US
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Environmental Protection AgencyReco
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Complete List of Recommendations in
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Recommendation 4-6Congress should e
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Recommendation 5-6The Council on En
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Chapter 8: Promoting Lifelong Ocean
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• performance measures—State co
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Recommendation 11-2The regional oce
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• an overall system design that d
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Recommendation 16-14In developing a
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Chapter 18: Reducing Marine DebrisR
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Recommendation 19-7The Regional Fis
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Chapter 21: Preserving Coral Reefs
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Chapter 23: Connecting the Oceans a
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• establish and maintain a single
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 29-8The United State
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APPENDIX AO CEANS A CT OF 2000
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Section 3. Commission</stro
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(H) Recommendations for any modific
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APPENDIX BA CRONYMS A PPEARINGIN TH
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MARPOLMEDEAMERHABMERPMLAMMCMMPAMMSM
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMore than thirty y
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1. INTRODUCTIONAconstant theme in d
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3. TRENDS IN POPULATION AND HOUSING
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ties. From 1970-2000, the number of
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Major conclusions from Table C.5 in
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Figure C.6 Composition of the Priva
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growth in wages and output, while g
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The value of beach recreation Beach
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of freight. Expansions and improvem
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of a network among these and other
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Table C.3 Population in Coastal Tie
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Table C.6 Private Ocean EconomyOcea
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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APPENDIX DG LOSSARY OF F EDERALO CE
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Oceans Act of 2000 ................
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SECTION 2OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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National Invasive Species CouncilNa
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Clean Water ActCongress enacted the
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Farm Bill 1985—Food Security ActT
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National Oceanographic Partnership
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SECTION 4OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Clean Water Act—Total Maximum Dai
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National Park SystemThe National Pa
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Proposed Structure for Coordination
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CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ANDSUBCOMM
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• Subcommittee on Forestry, Conse
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APPENDIX GD ETAILED C OSTS A SSOCIA
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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I NDEX
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ecosystem-based management,62, 66-6
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Convention on the Conservationand M
Page 651 and 652:
value of oceans, 30-36ecosystem ass
Page 653 and 654:
erosion, 40, 182beaches, 42, 44, 16
Page 655 and 656:
coral ecosystem effects, 44,320, 32
Page 657 and 658:
oil, 236, 246, 362-363science and t
Page 659 and 660:
Magnuson-Stevens FisheryConservatio
Page 661 and 662:
National Ice Center, 402, 424, 430N
Page 663 and 664:
dredging, 181, 183, 185-186,187, 19
Page 665 and 666:
in marine transportation,192-193, 2
Page 667 and 668:
evenues from resources, 33,102-103,
Page 669 and 670:
treaty/treaties (see also agreement
Page 671 and 672:
oceanographic research,49-50, 375,
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