comm<strong>on</strong> heritage of mankind,53deep seabed mining, 53, 54,444, 446ec<strong>on</strong>omic value, 33management, 368–369Minerals Management Service,113, 124, 181, 199, 246, 260,268, 314, 316, 341, 347, 354,361, 362, 363, 364, 369, 382,383, 389, 390, 424, 431, 477Envir<strong>on</strong>mental StudiesProgram, 363–364minorities, educati<strong>on</strong> of underrepresentedand underservedgroups, 130, 136, 141–142,145minority–serving instituti<strong>on</strong>s, 141Mississippi River Basin, 39, 87,174, 206, 216, 229Mississippi Sound, habitat losses,41, 171MMS (see Minerals ManagementService)m<strong>on</strong>itoring, 89 (see also Integrated<strong>Ocean</strong> Observing System;nati<strong>on</strong>al m<strong>on</strong>itoring network;individual programs)atmospheric depositi<strong>on</strong>, 229,230, 232baseline, 230biodiversity, 228climate change, 229, 409coastal margin, 176–177,231–232compliance–related, 213, 294,298c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> and restorati<strong>on</strong>efforts, 177c<strong>on</strong>taminants, 228, 229, 230,232coral ecosystems, 324,327–328costs of, 298effects–based, 233federal programs, 227–230fishery–related, 291, 293–294,298funding, 177, 189, 213, 228,229, 231harmful algal blooms, 228,344–345health–related, 229, 349interagency coordinati<strong>on</strong>,230–231invasive species, 260, 262land–cover characteristics,228local efforts, 177, 228marine debris, 266, 268–269needs, 104, 177, 189,231–232n<strong>on</strong>point–source polluti<strong>on</strong>,217, 220, 213, 214, 220, 221offshore, 294, 382pathogens, 344–345, 346priority pollutants, 234sampling protocols, 233satellites, 294, 345, 346, 424sediment, 189, 229ship–based, 423shortcomings in programs,229–230state–based, 229stati<strong>on</strong>s and buoy arrays, 424streamflow, 228, 229stressor–based, 233Vessel M<strong>on</strong>itoring System,293–294visual envir<strong>on</strong>ments, 229water quality, 165, 177, 213,214, 217, 221, 224, 228, 229,230–231, 233weather, 228M<strong>on</strong>itoring and Event Resp<strong>on</strong>sefor Harmful Algal Blooms,228, 345museums, 35, 125, 136, 143, 144NACOA (see Nati<strong>on</strong>al AdvisoryCommittee <strong>on</strong> <strong>Ocean</strong>s andAtmosphere)NASA (see Nati<strong>on</strong>al Aer<strong>on</strong>auticsand Space Administrati<strong>on</strong>)Nati<strong>on</strong>al Academy of Sciences, 58,289Nati<strong>on</strong>al Advisory Committee <strong>on</strong><strong>Ocean</strong>s and Atmosphere, 81,84, 117, 387–388Nati<strong>on</strong>al Aer<strong>on</strong>autics and SpaceAdministrati<strong>on</strong>, 50, 341, 347,402, 403, 410, 419data collecti<strong>on</strong>, 429–431Earth Science Enterprise, 113educati<strong>on</strong> programs, 124, 127,128, 132, 140, 142, 220existing ocean and coastalresp<strong>on</strong>sibilities, 78, 112, 114,395hazards–related role, 164missi<strong>on</strong>, 404recommendati<strong>on</strong>s, 478Nati<strong>on</strong>al Aquaculture Act, 333,334Nati<strong>on</strong>al Atmospheric Depositi<strong>on</strong>Program, 229, 230Nati<strong>on</strong>al Coastal C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> Report,204–205Nati<strong>on</strong>al Dredging Team, 84, 188,478Nati<strong>on</strong>al Envir<strong>on</strong>mental <strong>Policy</strong>Act, 51, 73, 77, 96, 157,286–287, 295, 313, 324, 353,354, 366, 367, 379Nati<strong>on</strong>al Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Satellite,Data, and Informati<strong>on</strong> Service,110, 118Nati<strong>on</strong>al Estuarine ResearchReserve System, 103–104,153, 155, 156, 171Coastal Training Program,138, 220Graduate Research FellowshipProgram, 140System–wide M<strong>on</strong>itoringProgram, 228Nati<strong>on</strong>al Estuary Program, 153,156, 171, 229Nati<strong>on</strong>al Flood Insurance Programerosi<strong>on</strong> mapping and rating,167flood hazard mapping,165–167incentives for development,168premiums, 167repetitive–loss payments, 165,167–168Nati<strong>on</strong>al Geographic Society, 132,387Nati<strong>on</strong>al Geophysical Data Center,430, 437Nati<strong>on</strong>al Geospatial–IntelligenceAgency, 199, 389, 390Nati<strong>on</strong>al Historic Preservati<strong>on</strong>Act, 359, 367H 16A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Nati<strong>on</strong>al Ice Center, 402, 424, 430Nati<strong>on</strong>al Institute ofEnvir<strong>on</strong>mental HealthSciences, 82, 339, 341, 347,348, 477Nati<strong>on</strong>al Institutes of Health, 82,137, 140, 341, 347Nati<strong>on</strong>al Invasive Species Act, 253Nati<strong>on</strong>al Invasive Species Council,84, 254, 259–260Nati<strong>on</strong>al Marine EducatorsAssociati<strong>on</strong>, 125, 132, 136Nati<strong>on</strong>al Marine Fisheries Service,101, 110, 117, 118, 181,267–269, 414, 424Cooperative EnforcementProgram, 292, 414endangered species jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>,309, 311fishery management, 275,276, 278–283, 286, 290–299,366recommendati<strong>on</strong>s, 476socioec<strong>on</strong>omic research,379–380Nati<strong>on</strong>al Marine Sanctuaries Act,323, 325Nati<strong>on</strong>al Marine SanctuaryProgram, 99, 103, 104, 144,153, 155–156, 171, 343, 382nati<strong>on</strong>al m<strong>on</strong>itoring network (seealso m<strong>on</strong>itoring)coordinati<strong>on</strong> of existing programswith, 230–232, 346critical factors tracked in, 227data accessibility and usefulness,230, 234, 434, 435design, 233goals and objectives, 189, 232IOOS linked to, 231–232,234, 327, 328, 346, 347new c<strong>on</strong>taminants, 209, 233,234review and modificati<strong>on</strong>,233–234stakeholders, 227technical coordinati<strong>on</strong>, 233,347–348user input, 234value, 226–227Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Ocean</strong> Council (proposed)Committee <strong>on</strong> <strong>Ocean</strong>Resource Management, 83–84,166, 198, 313, 326, 476Committee <strong>on</strong> <strong>Ocean</strong> Science,Educati<strong>on</strong>, Technology, andOperati<strong>on</strong>s, 82–83, 126, 127,375–376, 437, 475compositi<strong>on</strong>, 79<strong>Ocean</strong>.ED, 126–128, 139,160, 475<strong>Ocean</strong>.IT, 375, 476<strong>Ocean</strong>.US, 82, 364, 375, 476functi<strong>on</strong>s, 79–80interagency team, 313–312Internati<strong>on</strong>al Committee, 302,303, 476recommendati<strong>on</strong>s, 475research strategy, 384structure, 129Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Ocean</strong> Ec<strong>on</strong>omicsProject, 31, 382–383nati<strong>on</strong>al ocean policy, 48–55,60–69 (see also internati<strong>on</strong>alocean policy)accountability in, 63, 197, 473activism and, 51–52c<strong>on</strong>sensus for change, 55developing and implementing,63–69enclosure of the oceans, 48exploitati<strong>on</strong>, 48, 53formative years, 48–49fragmentati<strong>on</strong>, 50–51, 52, 55,65, 77–78, 93, 109–110, 112,114, 125, 197framework, 61, 76–118guiding principles, 60–69, 97internati<strong>on</strong>al cooperati<strong>on</strong>, 53,63, 473post–World War II period,49–50science and, 49–50, 54, 67–68Soviet Uni<strong>on</strong> and, 49stewardship ethic, 51Stratt<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Commissi<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> and,50–51, 52, 274USCOP mandate, 55–56visi<strong>on</strong>, 60–61Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Ocean</strong> ResearchLeadership Council, 82, 126Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Ocean</strong> Service, 110, 117,118, 382, 414, 435Nati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>Ocean</strong>ic andAtmospheric Administrati<strong>on</strong>,79, 159, 197, 199, 306aquaculture programs,332–335biotoxin program, 345budget support, 54, 112Bureau of CommercialFisheries, 51coastal management program,153–155, 181coral reef programs, 266, 321,323, 324, 326, 327creati<strong>on</strong>, 50, 55, 115data collecti<strong>on</strong>, 139, 164, 364,389, 390, 429–432, 435–435debris research and managementprograms, 266, 267,269, 270defining coastal watershedcounties, 34educati<strong>on</strong> role, 124, 127–128,134, 137, 138, 139–140, 141,142, 143, 144, 221, 222endangered species programs,309–315, 317, 318energy resource management,362explorati<strong>on</strong> programs, 388fellowships, 140fishery management, 279,282, 285, 286, 291, 297, 302(see also Nati<strong>on</strong>al MarineFisheries Service)habitat c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> programs,101, 103–104, 153,155–156, 171, 177human health initiatives, 339,341, 345, 347–349, 351internati<strong>on</strong>al c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s,222invasive species management,253, 255, 258, 259–260line offices, 110 (see also individualoffices)marine protected areas,103–104, 153, 449missi<strong>on</strong> and resp<strong>on</strong>sibilities,110 397–398, 431, 449I NDEXH 17
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
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Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Recommendation 16-5Congress should
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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Recommendation 19-15Congress should
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Recommendation 23-1The National Oce
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
- Page 385 and 386:
waters used for drinking and public
- Page 387 and 388:
The FDA is responsible for ensuring
- Page 389 and 390:
Recommendation 23-5The National Oce
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
- Page 397 and 398:
Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
- Page 403 and 404:
The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
- Page 425 and 426:
The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
- Page 427 and 428:
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
- Page 429 and 430:
Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
- Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
- Page 436 and 437:
nation’s coastal and marine resou
- Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
- Page 440 and 441:
Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
- Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
- Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
- Page 455 and 456:
University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
- Page 457 and 458:
cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
- Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
- Page 475 and 476:
Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
- Page 483 and 484:
the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
- Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
- Page 493:
Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
- Page 498 and 499:
Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
- Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
- Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
- Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
- Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
- Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
- Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
- Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
- Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
- Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
- Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
- Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
- Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
- Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 10-2The National Oce
- Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
- Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
- Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
- Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
- Page 541 and 542:
• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
- Page 543 and 544:
Recommendation 19-12Congress should
- Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
- Page 547 and 548:
Recommendation 20-7The National Oce
- Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
- Page 551 and 552:
• work with the National Ocean Co
- Page 553 and 554:
• an interagency steering group,
- Page 555 and 556:
Recommendation 26-6The National Oce
- Page 557 and 558:
Recommendation 27-4Congress should
- Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
- Page 563:
PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
- Page 566 and 567:
One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
- Page 570 and 571:
Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
- Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
- Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
- Page 577 and 578:
growing much faster. The region nea
- Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
- Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
- Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
- Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
- Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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- Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
- Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
- Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
- Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
- Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
- Page 623: APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
- Page 627 and 628: APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
- Page 629 and 630: Table F.1 Congressional Committees
- Page 631: Committee on Transportation and Inf
- Page 634 and 635: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 636 and 637: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 638 and 639: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 640 and 641: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 642 and 643: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 644 and 645: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
- Page 646 and 647: INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
- Page 648 and 649: federal area-based programs,34, 150
- Page 650 and 651: integration of multiplesources, 234
- Page 652 and 653: programmatic permitting,312-314prot
- Page 654 and 655: coordination and cooperationin, 100
- Page 656 and 657: Department of Educationinitiative,
- Page 658 and 659: invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
- Page 662 and 663: monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
- Page 664 and 665: jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
- Page 666 and 667: Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
- Page 668 and 669: single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
- Page 670 and 671: Service, 215, 260Economic Research
- Page 672: pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209