U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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SCIENCE ADVISORY PANELDonald F. Boesch, Ph.D.President, University of Maryland Centerfor Environmental ScienceKenneth Brink, Ph.D.Director, Coastal Ocean Institute andRinehart Coastal Research Center,Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDaniel W. Bromley, Ph.D.Anderson-Bascom Professor of AppliedEconomics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonOtis Brown Ph.D.Dean, Rosenstiel School of Marineand Atmospheric Science, Universityof MiamiBiliana Cicin-Sain, Ph.D.Director, Gerard J. Mangone Center forMarine Policy and Professor of MarinePolicy, University of DelawareRobert A. Frosch, Ph.D.Senior Research Associate, John F. KennedySchool of Government, Harvard Universityand former NASA AdministratorRobert B. Gagosian, Ph.D.President and Director, Woods HoleOceanographic InstitutionJ. Frederick Grassle, Ph.D.Director, Institute of Marine andCoastal Sciences, Rutgers, The StateUniversity of New JerseyD. Jay Grimes, Ph.D.Provost, Gulf Coast and Director,Gulf Coast Research Laboratory,University of Southern MississippiSusan Hanna, Ph.D.Professor, Marine Economics,Oregon State UniversityRay Hilborn, Ph.D.Richard C. and Lois M. WorthingtonProfessor of Fisheries Management, Schoolof Aquatic and Fishery Sciences,University of WashingtonDeWitt John, Ph.D.Director, Environmental Studies Program,Bowdoin CollegeGeraldine Knatz, Ph.D.Managing Director of Development,Port of Long Beach, CaliforniaMarcia McNutt, Ph.D.President and Chief Executive Officer,Monterey Bay Aquarium Research InstituteJacqueline Michel, Ph.D.President, Research Planning, Inc.Edward L. Miles, Ph.D.Virginia and Prentice M. Bloedel Professorof Marine Studies and Public Affairs, Schoolof Marine Affairs, University of WashingtonMichael K. Orbach, Ph.D.Director, Marine Laboratory and CoastalEnvironmental Management Program,Nicholas School of the Environment andEarth Sciences, Duke UniversityJohn A. Orcutt, Ph.D.Deputy Director for Research, ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography and Director,Center for Earth Observations andApplications, University of California,San DiegoxivA N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President and CEO, Harbor BranchOceanographic Institution, Inc.David B. Prior, Ph.D.Provost and Executive Vice President,Texas A&M UniversityAndrew R. Solow, Ph.D.Director, Marine Policy Center,Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionRobert C. Spindel, Ph.D.Director Emeritus, Applied PhysicsLaboratory, University of WashingtonCarolyn A. Thoroughgood, Ph.D.Dean, College of Marine Studies andDirector, Sea Grant College Program,University of DelawareSharon Walker, Ph.D.Administrator, J.L. Scott Marine EducationCenter and Aquarium and Professor,Department of Coastal Sciences, Collegeof Science and Technology, University ofSouthern MississippiWarren M. Washington, Ph.D.Senior Scientist, National Center forAtmospheric Research and Chair,National Science BoardRobert M. White, Sc.D.President Emeritus, National Academyof Engineering and former NOAAAdministratorUSCOP File Photoxv
Page 3 and 4: FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5: THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
Page 9 and 10: 1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
Page 15: U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 24 and 25: PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
Page 26 and 27: Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29: Expanding Research and Education ..
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33: Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 34 and 35: LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
Page 36 and 37: LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
Page 38 and 39: PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
Page 40 and 41: The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43: The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45: Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
Page 46 and 47: appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49: Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51: Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
Page 52 and 53: Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
Page 54 and 55: ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57: To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59: liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 62 and 63: pation of all ocean-related federal
Page 64: also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
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Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
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programmatic permitting,312-314prot
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coordination and cooperationin, 100
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Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
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common heritage of mankind,53deep s
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monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
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single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
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Service, 215, 260Economic Research
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pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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