Antimicrobials to Prevent Biodeterioration of Gra<strong>in</strong>s 107Dubios, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamihon, J.R.,Rebers, P.A. and Smith, F. (1956) Phenolsulphuric acid method for total carbohydrate.Annual Chemistry 26, 350.Duke, S.O. (1990) Natural <strong>pest</strong>icides from<strong>plant</strong>s In: Janick J. and Simon J.E. (eds)Advances <strong>in</strong> New Crops. Timber press,Portland, pp. 511–517.Erasto, P., Grierson, D.S. and Afolayan, A.J.(2006) Bioactive sesquiterpene lactonesfrom the leaves of Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a.Journal of Ethnopharmacology 106, 117–120.Fan, J.J. and Chen, J.H. (1999) Inhibition ofAflatox<strong>in</strong> produc<strong>in</strong>g fungi by Welshonion extract. Journal of Food Protection62, 414–417.Farooq, S. and Pathak, G.K. (1998) A comparativestudy of ‘<strong>in</strong> vitro’ antimicrobialactivity of total solvent extracts of somemedic<strong>in</strong>al <strong>plant</strong>s with Asava and Aarishtapreparations. Journal of Non-timberForest Products 5, 79–81.Goun, E., Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, G., Chu, D., Nguyen,C. and Miles, D. (2003) Antibacterial andantifungal activity of Indonesian ethnomedical<strong>plant</strong>s. Fitoterapia 76, 592–596.Gupta, M., Mazumder, U.K., Chaudhuri, H.A.,Chaudhuri, R.K., Bose, P., Bhattacharya,S., Manikandan, L. and Patra, S. (2002)Antimicrobial activity of Eupatorium ayapana.Fitoterapia 73, 168–170.Hurtado, R.D., Garrido, G.G., Gonzalez, S.P.,Iznaga, Y., Gonzalez, L., Torres, J.M.,Cur<strong>in</strong>i, M., Fpifano, F. and Marcotullio,M.C. (2003) Antifungal activity of someCuban Zanthoxylum species. Fitoterapia74, 384–386.ISTA, (1999) Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Internationalseed test<strong>in</strong>g association, Internationalrules for seed test<strong>in</strong>g. Seed Science andTechnology 76, 481–484.Janardhana, G.R., Raveesha, K.A. and Shetty,H.S. (1999) Mycotox<strong>in</strong> contam<strong>in</strong>ation ofMaize gra<strong>in</strong>s grown <strong>in</strong> Karnataka (India).Food and Chemical Toxicology 37, 863–868.Joshi, B.C., Pandey, A., Chaurasia, L., Pal, M.,Sharma, R.P. and Khare, A. (2003) Antifungalactivity of stem bark of Ailanthusexcelsa. Fitoterapia 74, 689–691.Katyayani, B.M., Rao, P.M., Muralichand, G.,Rao, D.S. and Satyanarayana, T. (2002)Antimicrobial activity of bark of Alangiumsalvifoloium L<strong>in</strong>n. F. Indian Journal ofMicrobiology 42, 87–89.Kiran, B. and Raveesha, K.A. (2004) Antifungalactivity of seed extracts of Psoraleacorylifolia L. Plant Disease Research. 20,213–215.Lis-Balch<strong>in</strong>, M., Patel, J., Hart, S. (1998) Studieson the mode of action of essential oilsof scented-leaf Pelargonium ( Geraniaceae).Phytotherapy Research 12, 215–217.Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.T., Farr, A.L. andRandall, R.J. (1951) Prote<strong>in</strong> estimation byLowrey’s method. Journal of BiologicalChemistry 193, 265.Mahmoud, A.L.E. (1999) Inhibition of growthand aflatox<strong>in</strong> biosynthesis of Aspergillusflavus by extracts of some Egyptian<strong>plant</strong>s. Letters <strong>in</strong> Applied Microbiology 29,334–336.Mathekga, D.D.M., Meyer, J.J.M., Horn, M.M.and Drewes, S.E. (2000) An acylatedphlorogluc<strong>in</strong>ol with antimicrobial propertiesfrom Helichrysum caespititum. Phytochemistry53, 93–96.Mohana, D.C., Raveesha, K.A. andLokanath Rai, K.M. (2006) Herbal remediesfor the <strong>management</strong> of seed-bornefungal pathogens by an edible <strong>plant</strong>Decalepis hamiltonii (Wight and Arn)Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection1–12.Mohana, D.C., Satish, S. and Raveesha, K.A.(2009) Antifungal avtivity of 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzaldehyde isolated fromDecalepis hamiltonii (Wight and Arn) onseed borne fungi caus<strong>in</strong>g biodeteriorationof Paddy. Journal of Plant ProtectionResearch 49(3), 250–256.Nagaraju, S., Jagan Mohan Rao, L. andGurudatt, K.N. (2001) Chemical compositionof the volatiles of Decalepis hamiltonii(Wight and Arn). Flavour FragranceJournal 16, 27–29.Neergaard, P. (1977) Seed Pathology. TheMacMillan Press Ltd., London, VolumesI and II: 1–840.Ngane, A.N., Biyiti, L., Bouchet, Ph. NkengfackA. and Zollo, P.H.A. (2003) Antifungalactivity of Piper gu<strong>in</strong>eense ofCameroon. Fitoterapia 74, 464–468.
108 K.A. RaveeshaOros, G. and Ujvary, I. (1999) Botanicalfungicides: <strong>natural</strong> and semi-syntheticceveratrum alkaloids. Pesticide Science 55,253–264.Otshudi, A.L., Apers, L.S., Claeys, P.M.,Pannecouque, C., Clercq, E.D., Zeebroeck,A.V., Lauwers, S., Fred, A. and Foriers, A.(2005) Biologically active bisbenzylisoqu<strong>in</strong>ol<strong>in</strong>ealkaloids from the root bark ofEp<strong>in</strong>etrum villosum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology102, 89–94.Parekh, J. and Chanda, S. (2007) In vitro antimicrobialactivity of Trapa natans L. fruitr<strong>in</strong>d extracts <strong>in</strong> different solvents. AfricanJournal of Biotechnology 6, 766–770.P<strong>in</strong>to, C.M.F., Maffia, L.A., Casali, V.W.D. andCardoso, A.A. (1998) In vitro effect of<strong>plant</strong> leaf extracts on mycelial growthand sclerotial germ<strong>in</strong>ation of Sclerotiumcepivorum. Journal of Phytopathology 146,421–425.Sardari, S., Am<strong>in</strong>, G., Micetich, R.G. andDaneshtalab, M. (1998) Phytopharmaceuticals.Part I, Antifungal activity ofselected Iranian and Canadian <strong>plant</strong>s.Pharmaceutical Biology 36, 180–188.Sharma, K., Shukla, S.D., Mehta, P. and Bhatnagar,M. (2002) Fungistatic activity ofSemecarpus anacardium L<strong>in</strong>n.f. nut extract.Indian journal of Experimental Biology 40,314–318.Sharma, P., S<strong>in</strong>gh, S.D. and Rawal, P. (2003)Antifungal activity of some <strong>plant</strong>extracts and oils aga<strong>in</strong>st seed bornepathogens of pea. Plant Disease Research18, 16–20.S<strong>in</strong>gh, I. and S<strong>in</strong>gh, V.P. (2000) Antifungalproperties of aqueous and organic solutionextracts of seed <strong>plant</strong>s aga<strong>in</strong>st Aspergillusflavus and A. niger. Phytomorphology50, 151–157.S<strong>in</strong>ha, P. and Saxena, S.K. (1999) Inhibition offruit rot fungus and fruit fly by leafextracts of onion (Allium cepa) and garlic(Allium sativum). Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences 69, 651–653.Stojanovic, G., Radulovi, N., Hashimoto, T.and Pali, R. (2005) In vitro antimicrobialactivity of extracts of four Achillea species:The composition of Achillea clavennae L.(Asteraceae) extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology101, 185–190.Yanez, C., Pezoa, J., Rodriguez, M., Nunez-Vergara, L.J. and Squella, J.A. (2005) Voltamerricbehavior of a 4-nitroimidazolederivative Nitro radical anion formationand stability. Journal of the ElectrochemicalSociety 152, J41–J56.