natural-products-in-plant-pest-management

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5 Some Natural Proteinaceousand Polyketide Compoundsin Plant Protection andtheir Potential in GreenConsumerizationL.A. SHCHERBAKOVARussian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Moscow, RussiaAbstractPlant protection from diseases with the use of natural compounds, which areindigenous and biodegradable in the environment, fits the purpose of green consumerization.Natural compounds controlling plant pathogens belong to different chemicalclasses and are produced by a wide range of organisms. The structural andfunctional diversity of these compounds provides a great potential in crop protectiontechnologies in correspondence with green consumerization objectives. Disease preventionby natural compounds results from either direct or plant-mediated influenceson targeted pathogens. Some natural substances affecting causative agents directlydo not produce a biocidal effect but specifically attack pathways related to theirpathogenicity. Biogenic compounds influencing plants induce resistance or enhancetolerance to diseases. They elicit natural defence responses in plants and, unlikechemical pesticides, do not promote the occurrence of resistant forms in targetedpathogens. Two bacterial proteins, CspD and MF3, that have elicitor properties havebeen well documented to provide resistance against various phytopathogens andplay a promising role in green consumerization. Fungal polyketides, statins, inhibitinga pathogenicity-related pathway in melanin-producing fungi are considered asprospective candidates for developing biopesticides and reducing the impact of plantdiseases without killing pathogenic microorganisms.5.1 IntroductionPlant diseases continue to cause considerable damage to global agricultureresulting in yield losses and deterioration of agricultural products, includingtheir contamination with hazardous substances, e.g. mycotoxins, whichinduce toxicological problems in people and animals. Despite amazing progressachieved in crop protection due to breeding for resistance to diseases© CAB International 2011. Natural Products in Plant Pest Management(ed. N.K. Dubey) 109
110 L.A. Shcherbakovaand availability of effective agrochemicals, a number of problems are facedin managing the diseases successfully. The resistant cultivars provide onlypartial plant protection from a disease because of the occurrence of newpathogenic races that are able to overcome the resistance. Sometimes, breedingfor resistance is too complicated because of the diversity and high variabilityof plant pathogens and the variety of defence responses at differentstages of pathogenesis and plant development.Chemical protection gives a powerful tool for effective control of manydisease-causing agents, but its implementation has a range of undesirableside impacts. Thus, the use of chemical pesticides is associated with environmentalrisks, such as pollution of soil, water and crop plants with xenobioticpesticide residues, killing beneficial microorganisms or insects,thereby interfering with the natural management of pests and pathogens,a reduction in biological diversity, and so on. Sometimes, chemical pesticidesare not always effective and many treatments with several fungicidesare needed to control some fungal pathogens. As a result of continualpesticide application on plants and stored agricultural products, toxic residuesof chemical pesticides may appear and accumulate in food. Lastly,perhaps the most disturbing consequence of chemical protection is thedevelopment of pesticide resistance in pathogens that makes a protectiveeffect changeable and insufficiently effective. The health and ecologicalproblems related to chemical pesticides are now receiving a great deal ofattention. Recognition of these problems has created the phenomenon ofgreen consumerization.The biocontrol of phytopathogens as an additional or alternative plantprotection method looks more natural and environmentally compatible thanchemical treatments. The use of non-pathogenic or beneficial microorganismsand/or natural compounds, which are native and biodegradable in theenvironment, is the main objective of green consumerization. A few hundredbiocontrol products based on numerous beneficial strains predominantlyof Trichoderma, Bacullis, Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Streptomyces andGliocladium species are produced, commercialized and used as biopesticidesand/or biofertilizers.Natural compounds effectively controlling plant pathogens and pestsare represented by a diversity of substances belonging to different chemicalclasses and produced by a wide range of living organisms (Varma and Dubey,1999). Currently, the list of these natural compounds is growing longer fromyear to year. Many natural products have already been used or recommendedas biopesticides (e.g. various secondary plant metabolites such pyrethrins,glucosinolate-sinigrin-producing allyl isothiocyanate, carvone, azadirachtin,rotenone, ryania, nicotine, some essential oils and other volatile plant substances).The plant-mediated mode of action of some natural compounds,which does not establish contact with pathogens, decreases the risk of resistantpathogenic form selection. Because the search for natural substances fittingphytosanitary regulations and environmentally compatible croppingmethods is a continuous active process, novel compounds are being discoveredin plants, animals and microorganisms and are marketed in place of
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NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PLANT PESTMANAG
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CABI is a trading name of CAB Inter
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viContents7. Potency of Plant Produ
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viiiContributorsJ.C. Pretorius, Dep
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xPrefaceantimicrobials owing to var
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1 Global Scenario on theApplication
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Global Scenario and Natural Product
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2 Plant Products in the Control ofM
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Control of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxig
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Natural Products from Plants 43an e
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Natural Products from Plants 45a pl
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Natural Products from Plants 47Chry
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Natural Products from Plants 493.3
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Natural Products from Plants 51Trit
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Natural Products from Plants 53Tetr
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Natural Products from Plants 55Phen
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Natural Products from Plants 57of c
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Control of Virus Diseases of Plants
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8 Phytochemicals as NaturalFumigant
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Phytochemicals as Natural Fumigants
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9 Prospects of Large-scaleUse of Na
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Prospects of Large-scale Use of Nat
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10 Current Status of NaturalProduct
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Natural Products as Alternatives to
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Fungal Endophytes 219The observatio
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Fungal Endophytes 22111.2 Diversity
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Fungal Endophytes 223tumbling rocks
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Fungal Endophytes 225of a given fun
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Fungal Endophytes 227over 50% of th
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Fungal Endophytes 229isolates in ma
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Fungal Endophytes 231(Kharwar et al
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Fungal Endophytes 233virulent plant
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Fungal Endophytes 235isolated some
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Fungal Endophytes 237Atmosukarto, I
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Fungal Endophytes 239Lee, J.C., Yan
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Fungal Endophytes 241Strobel, G.A.,
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Suppressive Effects of Compost Tea
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13 Biotechnology: a Tool forNatural
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Biotechnology and Natural Product S
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282 Indexantibiotics continuedmodif
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284 Indexcompost tea continuedmicro
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286 Indexessential oils continuedim
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288 Indexmicrobial population, comp
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290 Indexnuts 35controlling aflatox
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292 Indexproteinic inducers of plan
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