natural-products-in-plant-pest-management

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Allelochemicals in Pest Management 143whitefly. Although the repellent effect declined in time and concentration,strong effects on the reduction of oviposition were found, while this effectlasts at least 12 days after application, dependent on concentration.Another example of commercially produced extracts with antifeedanteffects is represented by aromatic plants. For aromatic plants, substancesresponsible for the smell and those that may be isolated using distillationor supercritical extraction have been studied the most. This group of substancesincludes the mono- and di- sesquiterpenes, phenols and some otherhydrocarbons similar in structure (Pavela, 2008a).Many monoterpenes from plant sources have been evaluated as feedingdeterrents against insects (Koul, 1982). However, capillin, capillarin, methyleugenol and ar-curcumene isolated from Artemisia capillaris show promise asantifeedant compounds against cabbage butterfly larvae, Pieris rapae crucivora.The relative strong antifeedant activity of capillin and capillarin suggestthat the C=O carbonyl group instead of CH 2methylene group, a C≡C in aside chain and a lactone ring are some of the many factors that contribute tothe biological activity (Yano, 1987). Various derivatives of these base compoundssuch as methyl eugenol reveal that the 3,4-dimethyl group and1-substituent of 3,4-dimethoxy-1-substituted benzenes contribute to theantifeedant activity (Yano and Kamimura, 1993).Aromatic hydrocarbons show a significant direct insecticide activity,so consequently they have been best studied (Pavela, 2006b, 2008a,b). Nevertheless,antifeedant efficiency is connected not only with aromatic hydrocarbonsin aromatic plants, but also with other polyphenolic substancessynthesized by such plants as part of their defence strategy against diseasesand pests.These polyphenolic substances are currently being studied and becauseof their huge biochemical variety, it is highly probable that an antifeedantactivity will be discovered in the near future that would lead to practicalapplication.Recent results of biological activity studies of substances obtained fromEurasian region plants, too, provide evidence that primary research is necessaryand may lead to commercial application. Very strong, long-lasting antifeedantactivity of seed extracts and root extracts of Leuzea carthamoides plantsagainst the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) was found(Pavela, 2004a, 2006a) (Fig. 6.2. a,b). This antifeedant efficiency against theabove mentioned pest led to the formulation of a new product based on antifeedantactivity. The research on this aspect, which has been performed bothin our laboratory and in departments around the world, is thus providing itsfirst results.6.6 Prospects for Products Based on Antifeedant SubstancesMany feeding inhibitors from plant sources have so far given excellent resultsin laboratory conditions. In field situations only a few of them are satisfactoryalternatives to traditional pest management. The chemical control is usually
144 R. Pavela(a)(b)Fig. 6.2. Effi ciency of extract obtained from L. carthamoides against larvae Leptinotarsadecemlineata. (a) Control; (b) 15 days after application.with broad-spectrum insecticides, and they have to be broad spectrumby necessity. They have to sell in amounts large enough to accommodatefinancial development, research, and marketing.Nevertheless, the use of antifeedants in pest-management programmeshas enormous appeal. They satisfy the need to protect specific crops while
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NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PLANT PESTMANAG
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CABI is a trading name of CAB Inter
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viContents7. Potency of Plant Produ
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viiiContributorsJ.C. Pretorius, Dep
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xPrefaceantimicrobials owing to var
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1 Global Scenario on theApplication
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Global Scenario and Natural Product
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2 Plant Products in the Control ofM
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Control of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxig
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Natural Products from Plants 43an e
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Natural Products from Plants 45a pl
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Natural Products from Plants 47Chry
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Natural Products from Plants 493.3
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Natural Products from Plants 51Trit
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Natural Products from Plants 53Tetr
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Natural Products from Plants 55Phen
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Natural Products from Plants 57of c
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Natural Products from Plants 59inhi
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HOCH 2Compound 3Natural Products fr
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Natural Products from Plants 63iden
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Natural Products from Plants 65in a
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Natural Products from Plants 67in p
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Natural Products from Plants 69fung
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Natural Products from Plants 71arti
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Natural Products from Plants 73agen
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Natural Products from Plants 75in t
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Natural Products from Plants 77In a
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Natural Products from Plants 79( Te
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Natural Products from Plants 81OHOH
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Natural Products from Plants 83Band
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Natural Products from Plants 85Ferr
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Natural Products from Plants 87McFa
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Natural Products from Plants 89Rodr
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4 Antimicrobials of Plant Originto
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Page 164 and 165: Control of Virus Diseases of Plants
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Prospects of Large-scale Use of Nat
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10 Current Status of NaturalProduct
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Natural Products as Alternatives to
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Fungal Endophytes 219The observatio
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Fungal Endophytes 22111.2 Diversity
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Fungal Endophytes 223tumbling rocks
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Fungal Endophytes 225of a given fun
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Fungal Endophytes 227over 50% of th
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Fungal Endophytes 229isolates in ma
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Fungal Endophytes 231(Kharwar et al
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Fungal Endophytes 233virulent plant
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Fungal Endophytes 235isolated some
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Fungal Endophytes 237Atmosukarto, I
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Fungal Endophytes 239Lee, J.C., Yan
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Fungal Endophytes 241Strobel, G.A.,
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Suppressive Effects of Compost Tea
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13 Biotechnology: a Tool forNatural
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Biotechnology and Natural Product S
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282 Indexantibiotics continuedmodif
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284 Indexcompost tea continuedmicro
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286 Indexessential oils continuedim
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288 Indexmicrobial population, comp
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290 Indexnuts 35controlling aflatox
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292 Indexproteinic inducers of plan
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