natural-products-in-plant-pest-management

286 Indexessential oils continuedimportant role in plant protection12insect repellants 13in vitro assays againstmycotoxigenic fungi 24in vitro screening of 37 oils 24as inhibitors of fungal growth andaflatoxin production 15lemongrass oil and mycotoxigenicfungi on maize 27–29assayed on irradiated maize 29mustard essential oil 36AITC, fungistatic or fungicidal36–37octopamine 14plant essential oils 71, 186possible mode of action 183–185d-limonene 184Push-Pull (stimulo-deterrentdiversionary) strategy 13semio-chemicals 13and synthetic pesticides 14therapeutic use of 26Ethiopian subsistence farmingsystems 48fescue toxicosis 219flavonoids 57–8, 57, 61glycosides 61, 61kinones 58–9, 58tannin, hydrolysable andcondensed 58, 58food, loss during storage 92fruits 33–34blue mould in apples and pears 33AITC treatments in pears 33disease incidence 33pepperfruit 34cinnamon essential oil 34volatile eugenol 33–34fumigants and contact synthesizedinsecticidesbotanicals as possible alternativesto 176global concern over negative effects176pest resistance and pesticideresidues 176fungal endophytes 218–236fungal toxins, controlled by naturalplant products 15fungigroup of microbes 219plant associated 218fungicides, chemical 42pressure to reduce in foods 3–4resistance to accelerating 3fungicides, natural 47fungistasis 246genotypes 265gibberellins 218glucosinolates 10, 211and myrosinaseco-located in same cells 211, 212formation of hydrolysisproducts 211, 213tissue disruption 211, 213secondary metabolites 211grape marc compost 252–256age and suppression 253disease-suppressive effects 253environmental hazards 252inhibition of sclerotial germination253soilborne suppression and diseases253–256treatment in Europe 252–3waste from wine production 252hairy root technology 272–273hyperparasitism 248–9India 234–235induced resistance 249–251induced antiviral proteins 160–166C. aculeatum and B. diffusa 162–166antiviral proteins 165, 166efficacy of foliar leaf sprays 166medicinal properties 162plant viruses 162–163pre-inoculation spray of SRIs165protein occurring in B. diffusa163proteinaceous modifiers165–166