natural-products-in-plant-pest-management

282 Indexantibiotics continuedmodification 266natural products of microbial origin266antifeedant action mechanism 138–141biological assays 139–140, 140general procedure adopted140–141feeding deterrents 138food choice 138formula to calculate feedingdeterrence 141leaf discs 139products can lose primary efficiency141use of bioassay techniques 139antifeedant research 137–138antifeedant efficiency 138history of research 137recent emphasis 137–138studies showing efficacy 137antifeedant substances 141–143aromatic hydrocarbons 143aromatic plants 143Colorado beetle 143, 144monoterpenes as feeding deterrents143no antifeedant efficiency incommercial products 141Pongamia genus 142antifeeding activities 142repellent activities 142–143present study of poyphenolicsubstances 143prospects for products based on143–145multi-component tactics 145non-azadirachtin liminoids 145use in pest managementprogrammes 144–145antifeedants 12, 136–137deter phytophagous insects 136prospects for practical use 136–137antifungal active component (plants)96–106antifungal agents 22antimicrobial peptidesbiopesticidal peptides andinhibition 112generation of antimicrobialpeptides 112antimicrobial peptides from biocontrolmicroorganisms 112–113,113–114classified into groups of linear andcyclic peptides 112–113efficacy 113, 113–114peptide synthesis 112–113antimicrobial peptides from plants114–115plant defensinsinhibitory activity 114–115range of biological functions 115antimicrobial productsapplied to foods, research in 27–34from plant extracts, current status71–72Carvone 71Milsana ® 71new products 71plant essential oils as organicfungicides 71new approach to microbial diseasecontrol via SAR 72antimicrobials of plant origin 92aromatic compounds 53–59, 60–61alkaloids, examples 59, 59non-phenolic aromatic compounds53, 54OH groups absent 53tetrapyrrole goup 53, 54phenolic compounds 55–59flavonoids 57–59, 57, 61simple phenols all monomeric55–57, 55aromatic plant compounds 12Azadirachta indica see neem (Azadirachtaindica)azadirachtin 7–8commercial products 142considered non-toxic to mammals7–8highly oxidised triterpenoid 7, 7primary and secondary antifeedantactivities 142behavioural insect control 13benzoquinine 70β-Asarone 13, 14bioactive compounds 218bioactive substances 44