natural-products-in-plant-pest-management

Phytochemicals as Natural Fumigants 179Table 8.3. Toxicology and repellency of the fatty acids C9–C11 tested againstCallosobruchus maculatus.Fatty acidConcentration(g/kg)Number ofeggs laidUndevelopedeggs (%)Adult emergenceNumber %C9 1.6 60 100 0 00.8 67 95 3 40.4 100 72 18 18Control 0 360 3 345 96C10 1.6 65 100 0 00.8 27 92 1 40.4 62 78 7 11Control 0 300 5 280 93C11 1.6 20 100 0 00.8 20 100 0 00.4 22 100 0 0Control 0 300 3 287 96The data are the average of three experiments, each of which were in triplicate.Table 8.4. Contact activity of a number of essential oils on egg laying, egg developmentand F 1of Callosobruchus maculatus.Essential oilNumberEggs laid% of controlvalueEggs developedto larvae (%)No. ofadults F 1Eggs developedto adults (%)Syrian marjoram 171 83 87 0 0Lemon grass 144 70 88 5 3.5Geranium 119 34 14 8 6.7Vistria 157 57 77 15 9.6Basil 51 78 93 23 45Clary sage 40 22 75 22 55Orange 67 34 84 45 67Grapefruit 120 64 77 49 41Lemon 172 88 91 50 29Caraway 97 51 79 62 64Cumin 148 59 74 55 37Thyme 120 69 68 46 38Celery 239 179 79 169 71Thyme leaved savory 98 68 89 75 77Ruta 109 75 76 51 47Rosemary 123 68 79 64 32Peppermint 159 92 83 54 34SEM76 oil 67 28 93 27 17Control 150–350 – 85–95 120–280 80–85Each essential oil was tested at a concentration of 400 ppm and an exposure time of 24 h.Twenty unsexed adults were introduced to the treated and untreated seeds 24 h after treatment.