natural-products-in-plant-pest-management

290 Indexnuts 35controlling aflatoxin infection 35effect of fumingation with essentialoil of mustard 35inhibition of germination of fungi 35use of protectants 35octopaminebiological role in insects 14as neurotransmitter 183, 184paddy 101–106active principle 102, 102antifungal assay 101comparative efficiency studies 102,104complete inhibition of test fungiobserved 102, 103D. hamiltonii 101, 101, 105–106evaluation of the bioactivecompounds 105, 105in vitro antifungal activity assay 102pathogen control 215pathogen suppression 243pesticides 2aerosol 193eco-friendly and natural 106essential-oil-based 13natural-product-based 205persistence in biological systems 3pesticides, chemicalbeing phased out globally 205benefits to crop producers 43and creation of greenconsumerization 110downside of 192–193hazards to environment 43long-term effect of environmentalcontamination 46novel compounds in place of 110–11results of persistent andindiscriminate use 92undesirable impacts andenvironmental risks 110phenolic acids 75phenols, simple 55–57all monomeric 55, 55formation of coumarin glycosides56, 56development as naturalherbicide 56–57as natural herbicides 55hydrokinone 55salicylic acid 55phenyl propanoidscoumaric acid and caffeic acid55–56, 56potential for development 56synthesized from p-coumaricacid 56synthesized from phenylalanine 55–56phytopathogens 110plant diseases, problems andconsequences of 42–43plant endemism 221plant extractsantimicrobial compounds 59–62chemical defences 59constitutive and inducedcompounds 59–60flavonoids and saponins61–62intensive plant screeningprogrammes forbioactivity 60antimicrobial properties of 59–72aqueous extracts 93–94current status 71–72in vitro evaluation for antifungalactivity 93–95plants with antibacterial properties69–71plants with antifungal properties62–69secondary metabolites withantimicrobial properties60–61solvent extracts 94–95methanolic and ethanolic barkextracts 94petroleum ether and methanolicextract of E. ayapanatested 94testing for antifungal activity94–95plant oils, effects of 176plant pathogens, biocontrol of 111–125antimicrobial peptides produced112–115