natural-products-in-plant-pest-management

Prospects of Large-scale Use of Natural Products 197Methods of formulationFormulations of the botanicals in developing countries are also of immenseimportance in their large-scale use. Due to low-level scientific technicalityand non-availability of sophisticated equipment associated with the productionof synthetic pesticides, the type of formulation associated with the productionof the botanical pesticides in developing countries is the type thatthe majority of the agrarian community and scientists will be able to handleand utilize for effective botanical pesticide formulation.PowdersThese are prepared by harvesting the plant materials, which are then sundriedand pulverized into fine powder. The powders have been investigatedundiluted for stored-product protection against insects and fungi. Therequired quantity of powder is admixed with an appropriate quantity ofcommodity prior to storage. Powders have also been extracted with water(water-extractable powders), filtered and applied as aqueous solutions forprotecting field crops and grains (Table 9.3; Ofuya, 2009).Crude water extractsThese are crude extracts obtained by using water as a solvent, and may beobtained simply by pressing out juices and then diluting in water or throughmaceration (steeping in water for prolong periods). They may also beobtained by infusion (the immersion of plant parts in boiling water for prolongedperiods). Such aqueous extracts or solutions have mostly been investigatedagainst field-crop insect pests and diseases (Table 9.3) (Olufolaji, 2006;Ofuya, 2009).OilsOils are usually extracted from pulverized medicinal plant parts by means oforganic solvents and are used very much like concentrate liquids. OrganicTable 9.3. Some medicinal plants in Nigeria and potential formulations in crop protection.BotanicalAzadirachta indicaPiper guineenseEugenia aromaticaDementia tripetaliaTephrosia vogelliNicotaina tabacumAllium sativumZingiber offi cinaleSource: Ofuya, 2009.Potential formulationDust, water-extractable powder, emulsifi able concentrate, liquidsDust, water-extractable powder, emulsifi able concentrate, liquidsDust, water-extractable powder, emulsifi able concentrate, liquidsDust, water-extractable powder, emulsifi able concentrate, liquidsWater-extractable powder, emulsifi able concentrate, liquidsDust, water-extractable powderWater-extractable powder, emulsifi able concentrate, liquidsWater-extractable powder, emulsifi able concentrate, liquids