natural-products-in-plant-pest-management

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Allelochemicals in Pest Management 145avoiding damage to non-target organisms so the potential value is great. Infact, insect damage to plants results from feeding or from transmission ofpathogens during feeding; therefore, the chemicals that reduce pest injury byrendering plants unattractive or unpalatable can be considered as potentialsubstitutes for conventional insecticides. The host choice of generalists andto some extent specialists may be modified when feeding inhibitors are used.The range of insect species targeted may be chosen by either the chemicalstructure of the inhibitor or the composition of a mixture of inhibitors, if differentinhibitors are active against different species within the range. Therefore,a multi-component defence strategy of plants themselves could be used,as shown in number of recent studies with non-azadirachtin types of limonoidinhibitors (Koul, 2005) where non-azadirachtin limonoids have two differentmodes of action, such as feeding deterrence and physiological toxicity, whichplay a significant role in the potentiation effect. Moreover some other plantextracts have high potential in commercial application (Pavela, 2007b).For the research to be successful, further assays must be performed andsuitable, new substances with high antifeedant efficiency must be sought.Important research will also concern determining synergism of the effects ofbiologically active substances as such synergism seems to be very significantin increasing the biological activity of substances that have insecticide effects(Pavela, 2008b).Most feeding inhibitors are less stable chemicals than traditional insecticidesand act with lower residual activity and environmental impact. Naturalpredators and parasitoids remain unharmed by feeding deterrents targetingthe herbaceous host insects. As the target sites of antifeedants are different,pesticide-resistant insect populations will still be affected by feeding inhibitors.Multi-component tactics will also slow down the resistance developmentto these new compounds. In fact, lack of resistance is very useful for thepractical application of antifeedants as it is unlikely that oligophagous insectscould develop general resistance to such deterrents, because this wouldresult in a rapid change of their host-plant range, which is determined mainlyby the occurrence of such chemicals in the non-host plants. Different molecularstructures of possible antifeedant compounds could be another advantage.The blend of active constituents might diffuse the selection process,mitigating the development of resistance compared to that expected with asingle active ingredient. This also supports the earlier mentioned contentionthat combination mixtures of antifeedants could be more effective thanindividual compounds.The huge variety of defensive mechanisms of plants, including thesynthesis of allelochemicals, thus provides a research focus in seeking newenvironmentally safe products to provide plant protection against phytophagousinsects. However, such research should be intensified and needsfull cooperation between basic or applied research, manufacturers and theusers. Such cooperation may lead subsequently to an important reduction inthe dependence of agriculture on chemical industries synthesizing toxicinsecticides, as well as increasing the quantity of safe foodstuffs and improvingthe health of this planet’s inhabitants.
146 R. PavelaAcknowledgementThis study was supported by grants of the Czech Republic Ministry ofEducation, Youth and Sports (ME09079).ReferencesAscher, K.R.S. (1993) Nonconventionalinsecti cidal effects of pesticides availablefrom the Neem tree, Azadirachta indica.Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology22, 433–449.Barnby, M.A. and Klovme, J. A. (1987) Effectsof azadirachtin on the nutrition and developmentof the Tobacco Budworm, Heliothisvirescens (Fabr) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Journal of Insect Physiology 33, 69–75.Debrowski, Z.T. and Seredynska, U. (2007)Characteri zation of the two-spotted spidermite (Tetranychus urticae Koch, Acari:Tetranychidae) response to aqueous extractsfrom selected plant species. Journal ofPlant Protection Research 47, 113–124.Deka, M.K., Singly, K. and Handique, R.(1998) Anti eedant and repellent effect ofpongam (Pongamia pinnata) and wildsage (Lantana camarata) on tea mosquitobug (Helopeltis theivora). Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences 68, 274–276.Frazier, J.L. (1986) The perception of plantallelochemicals that inhibit feeding. In:Brattsten, L.B. and Ahmad, S. (eds)Molecular Aspects of Insect Plant Associations.Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1–42.Hori, M. (1999) Antifeeding, settling inhibitoryand toxic activities of Labiataeessential oils against the green peachaphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)(Homoptera:Aphididae). Applied Entomologyand Zoology 34, 113–118.Hou, HouaMin, Xing, Zhang, Hou, H.M. andZhang, X. (2002) Effect of essential oil ofplants on three lepidopterous insects:antifeeding and growth inhibition. ActaPhytophylacica Sinica 29, 223–228.Isman, M.B. (1993) Growth inhibition andanti fedant effects of azadirachtin on sixnoctuids of regional economic importance.Pesticide Science 38, 57–63.Isman, M.B. (1994) Botanical insecticides andantifeedants: New sources and perspectives.Pesticide Research Journal 6, 11–19.Isman, M.B. (2002) Insect antifeedants. PesticideOutlook 13, 152–157.Isman, M.B. (2006) Botanical insecticides,deterrents, and repellents in modernagri culture and an increasingly regulatedworld. Annual Review of Entomology 51,45–66.Jacobson, M. (1989) Focus on phytochemical pesticides,vol. I. The neem tree 1989. CRC BocaRaton, FL/USA.Khaire, V.M., Kachare, B.V. and Mote, U.N.(1993) Effect of vegetable oils on mortalityof pulse beetle in pingeon pea seeds.Seed Research 21, 78–81.Koul, O. (1982) Insect feeding deterrentsin plants. Indian Review Life Sciences 2,97–125.Koul, O. (2005) Insect Antifeedants. CRC Press,Bota Racon, USA.Kumar, S.M.B. and Kalidhar, S.B. (2003) Areview of the chemistry and biologicalactivity of Pongamia pinnata. Journal ofMedicinal and Aromatic Plant Science 25,441–465.Mancebo, F., Hilje, L., Mora, G.A. andSalazar, R. (2000a) Antifeedant activityof plant extracts on Hypsipyla grandellalarvae. Revista Forestal Centroamericana31, 11–15.Mancebo, F., Hilje, L., Mora, G.A. andSalazar, R. (2000b) Antifeedant activityof Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae) extractson Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) larvae. Crop Protection 19,301–305.Metzger, F.W. and Grant, D.H. (1932) Repellencyof the Japanese beetle of extractsmade from plants immune to attack.USDA Technical Bulletins 299, 21.
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NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PLANT PESTMANAG
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CABI is a trading name of CAB Inter
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viContents7. Potency of Plant Produ
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viiiContributorsJ.C. Pretorius, Dep
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xPrefaceantimicrobials owing to var
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1 Global Scenario on theApplication
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Global Scenario and Natural Product
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2 Plant Products in the Control ofM
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Control of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxig
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Natural Products from Plants 43an e
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Natural Products from Plants 45a pl
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Natural Products from Plants 47Chry
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Natural Products from Plants 493.3
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Natural Products from Plants 51Trit
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Natural Products from Plants 53Tetr
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Natural Products from Plants 55Phen
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Natural Products from Plants 57of c
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Natural Products from Plants 59inhi
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HOCH 2Compound 3Natural Products fr
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Natural Products from Plants 65in a
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Natural Products from Plants 67in p
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Natural Products from Plants 69fung
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Natural Products from Plants 73agen
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Natural Products from Plants 75in t
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Natural Products from Plants 77In a
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Natural Products from Plants 79( Te
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Natural Products from Plants 81OHOH
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Natural Products from Plants 83Band
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Natural Products from Plants 85Ferr
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Natural Products from Plants 87McFa
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Natural Products from Plants 89Rodr
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4 Antimicrobials of Plant Originto
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Antimicrobials to Prevent Biodeteri
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Prospects of Large-scale Use of Nat
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10 Current Status of NaturalProduct
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Natural Products as Alternatives to
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Fungal Endophytes 219The observatio
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Fungal Endophytes 22111.2 Diversity
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Fungal Endophytes 223tumbling rocks
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Fungal Endophytes 225of a given fun
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Fungal Endophytes 227over 50% of th
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Fungal Endophytes 229isolates in ma
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Fungal Endophytes 231(Kharwar et al
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Fungal Endophytes 233virulent plant
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Fungal Endophytes 235isolated some
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Fungal Endophytes 237Atmosukarto, I
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Fungal Endophytes 239Lee, J.C., Yan
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Fungal Endophytes 241Strobel, G.A.,
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Suppressive Effects of Compost Tea
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13 Biotechnology: a Tool forNatural
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Biotechnology and Natural Product S
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282 Indexantibiotics continuedmodif
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284 Indexcompost tea continuedmicro
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286 Indexessential oils continuedim
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288 Indexmicrobial population, comp
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290 Indexnuts 35controlling aflatox
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292 Indexproteinic inducers of plan
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