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Weir et al.Fig. 35. Colletotrichum ti. A. PDD 24881 – holotype. B. PDD 30206. C, D, F, H. ICMP 4832 – ex-holotype culture. E, G. ICMP 19444. A–B. Lesions on dried herbariumspecimens. C–E. Appressoria. F. Conidia. G. Conidiogenous cells. H. Ascospores. Scale bars A = 1 mm, C = 20 µm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B, scale bar of C applies to C–H.gloeosporioides f. gloeosporioides because of 2 additional C’s atpositions 93 and 94 in the ITS1 region, giving a string of 7 C’s atthis position. This characteristic feature of the ITS-1 is found also inthe ex-neotype isolate of C. theobromicola, the ex-epitype isolateof C. fragariae and all other isolates of C. theobromicola, althougha few isolates have 3 additional C’s rather than 2. None of theother isolates that we sampled from the C. gloeosporioides speciescomplex have this characteristic string of C’s.Rojas et al. (2010) provide a description for their concept ofC. theobromicola, MacKenzie et al. (2008) for C. fragariae, andIrwin & Cameron (1978) for C. gloeosporioides f. stylosanthis “f. sp.stylosanthis” (as C. gloeosporioides Type A) and C. gloeosporioides170
The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complexf. stylosanthis “f. sp. guianensis” (as C. gloeosporioides Type B).In cultural appearance the isolates we accept in this species arevariable, from the very dark ex-neotype isolate of C. theobromicolato the slow-growing, pale coloured C. gloeosporioides f. stylosanthis“f. sp. guianensis”. None of the isolates that we examined formedperithecia in culture. All had conidia tapering slightly towardseach end, this more pronounced towards the base, matchingthe description of C. fragariae by Gunnell & Gubler (1992), whoregarded the conidial shape as distinctive for the species. Someof the isolates studied by Gunnell & Gubler (1992) were includedin the study of MacKenzie et al. (2008), their genetic concept of C.fragariae matching ours.See also notes under C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides f.stylosanthis.Specimens examined: Australia, Queensland, Townsville, on Stylosanthes viscosa,coll. J.A.G. Irwin 21365 (HM335), 1976 (ex-holotype culture of C. gloeosporioides f.stylosanthis − MUCL 42294 = ICMP 17957); Samford, on Stylosanthes guianensis,coll. J.A.G. Irwin 21398 (HM336), 1979 (MUCL 42295 = ICMP 17958); New SouthWales, Olea europaea fruit, coll. V. Sergeeva UWS 128, 21 Apr. 2008 (ICMP 18566);New South Wales, O. europaea fruit, coll. V. Sergeeva UWS 130, 21 Apr. 2008(ICMP 18565); New South Wales, O. europaea fruit, coll. V. Sergeeva UWS 98, 8Apr. 2008 (ICMP 18567). Israel, on Limonium sp. leaf lesion, coll. S. Freeman P1(cited in Maymon et al. 2006) (ICMP 18576). Mexico, on Annona diversifolia, coll.R. Villanueva-Aroe Gro-7, Jul. 2003 (ICMP 17895). New Zealand, Kerikeri, on Accasellowiana, coll. M.A. Manning MM317, 1 Feb. 2004 (ICMP 15445). Panama, ChiriquiProvince, San Vicente, on Theobroma cacao pod lesion, coll. E.J. Rojas ER08-9, Jan.2008 (CBS 125393 = ICMP 18650); Chiriqui Province, Escobal, on T. cacao leaf spot,coll. E.J. Rojas GJS 08-50, Jan. 2008 (ex-neotype culture of C. theobromicola − CBS124945 = ICMP 18649). USA, Florida, Dover, Plant City, on Fragaria × ananassa, coll.S. MacKenzie 326-1, 1988 (ICMP 17099); Florida, Lake Alfred, on Quercus sp. leaf,coll. S. MacKenzie LA-oak-13, 2002 (ICMP 17100); Louisiana, on F. vesca, 1985 (IMI348152 = ICMP 17814); Florida, on F. × ananassa, coll. A.N. Brooks, 1931 (ex-epitypeculture of C. fragariae − CBS 142.31 = ICMP 17927).* Colletotrichum ti B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., sp. nov.MycoBank MB563594. Figs 35, 36.Etymology: Based on the Maori name for Cordyline australis, tī.Holotype: New Zealand, Taupo, on Cordyline sp., coll. J.M. Dingley65187, Sep. 1965, PDD 24881; ex-holotype culture ICMP 4832.Leaf spots oblong to elliptic in shape, up to about 1 × 2 mm, sometimescoalescing when close together on a leaf, pale grey and necrotic inthe centre with a reddish margin; acervuli numerous, base pale todark grey, with scattered, dark brown setae about 50–80 µm long.Perithecia not seen on infected leaves. Freshly isolated colonies onDifco PDA 50–55 mm diam after 10 d, margin slightly irregular andfeathery, aerial mycelium lacking from ex-holotype culture, whenpresent fine, cottony, pale grey, surface of colony dark towards thecentre, pale pinkish orange (7A6) towards margin, conidia formingover all parts of culture, mostly not associated with well differentiatedacervuli, setae not observed; in reverse purple (12E3) near centre,orange outside, sometimes with concentric rings of grey pigment.Conidiogenous cells cylindric, mostly 15–25 × 3.5–4.5 µm, towardscentre of colony arranged in closely packed palisade, towards marginthe conidiophores with a much looser structure, irregularly branched,conidiogenous loci at apex and often also at septa. Conidia (11.5–)14–17.5(–23.5) × (4–)5–5.5(–7.5) µm (av. 16 × 5.2 µm, n = 53),cylindric, ends broadly rounded, sometimes tapering towards basalend. Appressoria often narrow-cylindric, often tapering towardsapex, sometimes irregularly lobed. Perithecia developing in smallnumbers in culture after about 4 wk, solitary, scattered across plate,dark-walled, globose with well-developed, tapering ostiolar neck.Asci (60–)65–75(–78) × (10–) 11(–12) µm (av. 69.6 × 11 µm, n = 5),cylindric to subfusoid, 8–spored. Ascospores (14.5–)15.5–16.5(–19)× (4.5–)5–5.5(–6) µm (av. 15.9 × 5.2 µm, n=18), broad-cylindric,ends broadly rounded, not tapering to the ends, in side view mostlyflat on one side, often slightly curved.Geographic distribution and host range: Known only from Cordylinespp. from New Zealand.Genetic identification: ITS sequences do not distinguish C. ti fromC. aotearoa. The two species can be distinguished using TUB2 orGAPDH.Notes: A member of the Kahawae clade, this fungus causes a leafspot of Cordyline spp. in New Zealand. It is genetically distinctfrom C. cordylinicola, described from Cordyline fruticosa fromThailand. Based on the published description of C. cordylinicola(Phoulivong et al. 2011) the two fungi are morphologically similar.Inoculation tests using culture ICMP 5285 when freshly isolated(J.M. Dingley, unpublished data), showed it to be pathogenic toCordyline australis, forming spots on leaves 2 wk after inoculation,but causing no symptoms on apple, even after wounding.Although only four of the specimens examined have beencompared genetically, all of the cited specimens examined matchin terms of associated symptoms and conidial size and shape.A specimen from Cordyline banksii (PDD 78360) has narrowerconidia, forms perithecia on the infected leaves, and perhapsrepresents a different species. Specimens accepted here as C. tiwere referred to Glomerella cingulata by Laundon (1972).The appearance in culture varies between isolates. The J.M.Dingley cultures, first isolated in the mid-1960’s, have dense, feltedaerial mycelium and limited conidial production; one has a muchslower growth rate than the more recent collections.Other specimens examined: New Zealand, Auckland, on Cordyline australis, coll.J.M. Dingley 6653, Mar. 1966 (PDD 30206; ICMP 5285); Taranaki, New Plymouth,Duncan and Davies Nursery, on C. australis × C. banksii leaf spots, coll. G.F.Laundon LEV 3343, 26 May 1969 (PDD 50634); Taranaki, New Plymouth, Duncanand Davies Nursery, on C australis × C. banksii leaf spots, coll. G.F. Laundon, 26May 1969 (PDD 26775); Waikato, Cambridge, Anton Nursery, on C. australis leafspots, coll. L.A. Houghton, 23 Jul. 1992 (PDD 61219; ICMP 19444).* Colletotrichum tropicale E.I. Rojas, S.A. Rehner &Samuels, Mycologia 102: 1331. 2010. Fig. 37.Rojas et al. (2010) provide a description.Geographic distribution and host range: Rojas et al. (2010) notedthat C. tropicale has been isolated from a wide range of hostsin forests in tropical America, from rotting fruit as well as leafendophytes. We include also an isolate from tropical Japan, fromLitchi chinensis leaves.Genetic identification: ITS sequences do not separate C. tropicalefrom some C. siamense or some C. queenslandicum isolates.Colletotrichum tropicale is best distinguished using TUB2, CHS-1,GS, or SOD2.Notes: Colletotrichum tropicale is genetically close to C. siamenseand the two species share a number of morphological features;slow growth in culture, short and broad conidia with broadlyrounded ends and often slightly constricted near the centre, andsimple appressoria.www.studiesinmycology.org171
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Studies in Mycology 73 (September 2
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