Colletotrichum: complex species or species ... - CBS - KNAW

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Damm et al.description is reminiscent of the C. acutatum species complex, butcultures are not available, we have not seen type material, and thespecies was described from a different continent.There is a number of Gloeosporium species that were describedon Eucalyptus spp. in different countries, but none was describedin Asia, and most differ considerably from C. indonesiense.Gloeosporium eucalypti was described on E. corynocalyx inAustralia, and forms shorter conidia than C. indonesiense,measuring 8–10 × 3–4 µm (Saccardo 1906) compared to thoseof C. indonesiense that average 12.3 × 3.8 µm and 15.4 × 3.7µm on SNA and Anthriscus stem, respectively. Gloeosporiumeucalyptorum, described on leaves and twigs of Eucalyptus spp.in Italy, has larger conidia, measuring 18–26 × 5–6 µm. They havea different shape, cylindrical to cylindric-clavate, straight to slightlycurved, with both ends obtuse (see Tavola VIII, fig. 5 in Turconi1924), while conidia of C. indonesiense are straight and cylindrical,with one acute end when formed on SNA and both ends acutewhen formed on Anthriscus stem. Gloeosporium capsularum wasdescribed on Eucalyptus sp. in California, USA; it has longer andnarrower conidia, measuring 18–20 × 2.5 µm. They are straightand cylindrical with both sides obtuse (Saccardo 1884). Conidia ofGm. nigricans described from leaves of E. pauciflora in Australiaare ovoid and wider than those of C. indonesiense, measuring 12× 7 µm (Cooke 1891). Gloeosporium ochrostictum from E. rostratain Australia has oblong-clavate, inaequilateral conidia measuring9–12 × 4–5 µm (Saccardo 1899); conidia of C. indonesienseare narrower and aequilateral. We have not examined authenticmaterial of any of these taxa, but bearing in mind that none haveassociated cultures and that type material would be too old to yieldmultigene sequences, we prefer to leave them in obscurity.There are Colletotrichum species in the C. boninense speciescomplex known on Eucalyptus: C. boninense and C. karstii haveboth been found on Eucalyptus in South Africa, and C. karstii alsooccurs on the related host genus Eugenia in Brazil (Damm et al.2012, this issue).Colletotrichum indonesiense is separated from other speciesby TUB2, ACT, GAPDH and CHS-1 sequences, and mosteffectively with TUB2. With CHS-1 there is only one bp differencefrom C. laticiphilum, and the HIS3 sequence is the same as that ofthat species. The closest match in a blastn search with the TUB2sequence of strain CBS 127551 with 99 % identity (6 differences)was GU246633 from isolate R14 from Capsicum annuum fromSouth Korea (Sang et al. 2011; identified by us as C. scovillei).The closest match with the GAPDH sequence (with 97 % identity, 7bp differences) is isolate OCC95 from an unspecified crop in India(HQ846719; P. Chowdappa, C.S. Chethana, S. Madhura, unpubl.data). There are more than 40 ITS sequences in GenBank with99 % identity (1 bp difference) to the ITS sequence of C.indonesiense.Colletotrichum johnstonii Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous,sp. nov. MycoBank MB800503. Fig. 14.Etymology: Named after Peter R. Johnston (Landcare Research),a major contributor to recent improvements in Colletotrichumsystematics.Sexual morph not observed. Asexual morph on SNA. Vegetativehyphae 1–7 µm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched.Chlamydospores not observed. Conidiomata not developed,conidiophores formed directly on hyphae. Setae not observed intype, but present in strain IMI 357027, medium brown, basal cellsometimes pale brown, smooth-walled, 0–1-septate, 35–55 µmlong, base cylindric-conical, often constricted at septum, 3.5–4µm diam, the tip ± acute. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled,septate, branched. Conidiogenous cells hyaline smooth-walled,cylindrical, sometimes slightly inflated, sometimes lacking a basalseptum and continuous with the conidiophore, some polyphialidesobserved, discrete phialides measure 6–27 × 2.5–4 µm, opening1–2 µm diam, collarette 1–1.5 µm long, periclinal thickening distinct.Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical tofusiform with one end slightly acute and one end round or slightlyacute, (13.5–)14.5–19(–21.5) × (3.5–)4.5–5(–6) µm, mean ± SD= 16.7 ± 2.1 × 4.7 ± 0.4 µm, L/W ratio = 3.6. Appressoria sparse,single or in loose groups, pale to medium brown, smooth-walled,elliptical to clavate or irregular, the outline undulate or entire, (6–)8–11.5(–14) × (2–)4–7.5(–10.5) µm, mean ± SD = 9.6 ± 1.7 × 5.8± 1.9 µm, L/W ratio = 1.7.Asexual morph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata acervular,conidiophores formed on pale brown, angular, basal cells, 3.5–7.5µm diam. Setae not observed in type, but present in strain IMI357027, medium brown, basal cell pale brown, smooth-walled,0–1-septate, 40–60 µm long, base cylindric-conical to slightlyinflated, 2.5–5 µm diam, the tip ± acute to ± roundish, sometimeswith a constriction. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, septate,branched, to 60 µm long. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smoothwalled,cylindrical, 11–26 × 2.5–4 µm, opening 1–2 µm diam,collarette 1 µm long, periclinal thickening distinct. Conidia hyaline,smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical to fusiform with oneend slightly acute and one end round or slightly acute, (14.5–)15.5–17(–18) × 4.5–5(–5.5) µm, mean ± SD = 16.3 ± 1.0 × 4.9 ± 0.3 µm,L/W ratio = 3.3.Culture characteristics: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin,hyaline; medium, filter paper and Anthriscus stem partly coveredwith thin floccose white to pale grey aerial mycelium and orangeacervuli, reverse hyaline with orange to grey acervuli shiningthrough; growth rate 23–24.5 mm in 7 d (36–37 mm in 10 d).Colonies on OA flat to raised, with entire margin; surface coveredwith floccose whitish to pale olivaceous grey aerial mycelium andorange acervuli, reverse rosy buff, olivaceous grey to iron-grey inthe centre; growth rate 22.5–24.5 mm in 7 d (37.5–39 mm in 10 d).Conidia in mass orange.Material examined: New Zealand, AK, Auckland, from fruit rot of Solanumlycopersicum, 29 Feb. 1990, J.M. Dingley, (CBS H-20809 holotype, culture ex-typeCBS 128532 = ICMP 12926 = PRJ 1139.3); Takaka, from fruit rot of Citrus sp., 1989,collector unknown (deposited in IMI 1993 by P.R. Johnston, No. 1125.5), culture IMI357027 = PRJ 1125.5.Notes: Colletotrichum johnstonii is part of clade 4 but has slightlylonger conidia than those of C. godetiae, and can be separatedfrom other species on the basis of ACT, HIS3, TUB2, and GAPDHsequences. The gene that performs best as a differential test isACT. The GAPDH sequence is only 1 bp different from that ofC. godetiae, while the CHS-1 sequences of both species are thesame. The two C. johnstonii strains from citrus and tomato and astrain from pear that is newly described here as C. pyricola wereincluded in C. acutatum group C by Lardner et al. (1999). Two oftheir tamarillo strains, also in Lardner’s group C, had near-identicalRAPD banding patterns to that of the ex-type strain of C. johnstonii.There are two strains from citrus (PJ50 = PRJ 1125.5 and PJ49 =PRJ 1124.5) and one from tamarillo (Pj18 = PRJ 979.9) from NewZealand included in the study of Guerber et al. (2003) that have the72
The Colletotrichum acutatum species complexFig. 14. Colletotrichum johnstonii (A–B, D–G, I–R. from ex-holotype strain CBS 128532. C, H. from IMI 357027). A–B. Conidiomata. C, H. Setae. D–G, I–J. Conidiophores.K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. A, C–G, Q. from Anthriscus stem. B, H–P, R. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–R. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 µm, B = 200 µm, D = 10 µm. Scale bar ofD applies to C–R.same GAPDH sequence, and these strains also were assigned toto group C in Lardner et al. (1999). From the evidence we have todate, C. johnstonii appears to be endemic to New Zealand, but isnot host-specific.The closest matches from GenBank with the TUB2 sequenceof strain CBS 128532 with (98 % identity, 10 bp differences) wereAJ409294 from Fragaria in the UK (Talhinhas et al. 2002) as wellas AJ748609, AJ748612-AJ748614, AJ748619–AJ748622 andAJ748625, isolates from olive (Talhinhas et al. 2005). We do notbelieve that any of these sequences represent further records ofC. johnstonii. With the GAPDH sequence of strain CBS 128532,there was no closer match than 88 % identity. The ITS sequenceof strain CBS 128532 is identical to those of C. salicis, C. pyricolaand C. phormii.Colletotrichum kinghornii Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous,sp. nov. MycoBank MB800504. Fig. 15.Etymology: Named after W.O. Kinghorn, who previously studiedthis fungus.Sexual morph not observed. Asexual morph on SNA. Vegetativehyphae hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, 1–6 µm diam.Chlamydospores not observed. Conidiomata absent, conidiophoresformed directly on hyphae. Setae not observed. Conidiophoreshyaline, smooth-walled, simple or septate and branched, up to 45µm long. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical,conical or ± inflated, 5.5–18 × 2–3.5 µm, opening 1–1.5 µm diam,collarette 0.5–1.5, periclinal thickening visible. Conidia hyaline,smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical to fusiform with oneround and one truncate end, (11–)15.5–21(–22.5) × (3–)3.5–4(–4.5) µm, mean ± SD = 18.3 ± 2.9 × 3.8 ± 0.4 µm, L/W ratio = 4.9.Appressoria not observed.Asexual morph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata absent,conidiophores formed directly on hyphae. Setae not observed.Conidiophores, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, sometimesbranched, up to 50 µm long. Conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smoothwalled,cylindrical to clavate, 20–27 × 2.5–4 µm, opening 1–1.5 µmdiam, collarette 1 µm, periclinal thickening visible. Conidia hyaline,smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical to fusiform with oneround and one truncate end, (n = 18) measure (15–)16–20.5(–23)× 3.5–4.5 µm, mean ± SD = 18.1 ± 2.3 × 4.0 ± 0.4 µm, L/W ratio= 4.6.Culture characteristics: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin,hyaline, medium partly covert with very short white aerial mycelium,reverse same colours; 14.5–15.5 mm in 7 d (21–24 mm in 10 d).Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, white, pale olivaceous greyto greyish sepia, surface covert with thin, short floccose white aerialmycelium, reverse white to pale olivaceous grey; 11–16.5 mm in 7d (16–24 mm in 10 d). Conidia in mass not observed.www.studiesinmycology.org73
Page 1:
Studies in Mycology 73 (September 2
Page 5 and 6:
Colletotrichum: complex species or
Page 10 and 11:
Damm et al.Table 1. Strains of Coll
Page 12 and 13:
Damm et al.Table 1. (Continued).Gen
Page 14 and 15:
Damm et al.combined sequence datase
Page 16 and 17:
Damm et al.Fig. 2. Colletotrichum a
Page 19 and 20:
The Colletotrichum boninense specie
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30: The Colletotrichum boninense specie
Page 45 and 46: available online at www.studiesinmy
Page 47 and 48: The Colletotrichum acutatum species
Page 79: The Colletotrichum acutatum species
Page 91: The Colletotrichum acutatum species
Page 94 and 95: Damm et al.µm diam. Setae not obse
Page 96 and 97: Damm et al.Table 2. Conidia measure
Page 98 and 99: Damm et al.Table 2. (Continued).Spe
Page 100 and 101: Damm et al.Table 3. Appressoria mea
Page 102 and 103: Damm et al.Fig. 25. Colletotrichum
Page 114 and 115: Damm et al.to olivaceous grey, filt
Page 116 and 117: Damm et al.are formed directly from
Page 118 and 119: Damm et al.Arx JA von (1957). Die A
Page 120 and 121: Damm et al.Masaba DM, Waller JM (19
Page 122 and 123: 114
Page 124 and 125: Weir et al.grass-inhabiting species
Page 126 and 127: Weir et al.Table 1. A list of strai
Page 128 and 129: Weir et al.Table 1. (Continued).Spe
Page 130 and 131:
Weir et al.Table 1. (Continued).Spe
Page 132 and 133:
Weir et al.Table 2. Primers used in
Page 134 and 135:
Weir et al.11ICMP 17789 Malus USA1I
Page 136 and 137:
Weir et al.Kahawae cladeC. alataeC.
Page 138 and 139:
Weir et al.A0.991ICMP 17905 Coffea
Page 140 and 141:
Weir et al.Conidial width variation
Page 142 and 143:
Weir et al.G. c.“f.sp. camelliae
Page 144 and 145:
Weir et al.Fig. 10. Colletotrichum
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Weir et al.Fig. 18. Glomerella cing
Page 156 and 157:
Weir et al.images under C. fructico
Page 158 and 159:
Weir et al.Specimen examined: Thail
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Weir et al.Notes: First described f
Page 164 and 165:
Weir et al.gossypii var. cephalospo
Page 166 and 167:
Weir et al.to utilise either citrat
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Weir et al.(ex-epitype culture CBS
Page 172 and 173:
Weir et al.of this species to C. ps
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Weir et al.Table 4. Performance of
Page 186 and 187:
Weir et al.Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpe
Page 188 and 189:
Weir et al.Simmonds JH (1968). Type
Page 190 and 191:
Cannon et al.182
Page 192 and 193:
Cannon et al.In rare instances, Col
Page 194 and 195:
Cannon et al.Table 1. Summary of pr
Page 196 and 197:
Cannon et al.Table 1. (Continued).P
Page 198 and 199:
Cannon et al.Table 2. Colletotrichu
Page 200 and 201:
Cannon et al.as did those for Colle
Page 202 and 203:
Cannon et al.Table 3. Authentic seq
Page 204 and 205:
Cannon et al.Table 3. (Continued).S
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Cannon et al.110.74 C. cuscutae IMI
Page 212 and 213:
Cannon et al.Boninense cladeThe bon
Page 214 and 215:
Cannon et al.C. lindemuthianum AB08
Page 216 and 217:
Cannon et al.A further important ac
Page 218 and 219:
Cannon et al.Hawksworth DL (2011).
Page 220 and 221:
Cannon et al.Rodríguez-Guerra R, R
Page 223 and 224:
Studies in MycologyStudies in Mycol
Page 225 and 226:
CBS Biodiversity SeriesNo. 11:Taxon
Page 227:
Studies in Mycology (ISSN 0166-0616
show all

Colletotrichum: complex species or species ... - CBS - KNAW

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?