Colletotrichum: complex species or species ... - CBS - KNAW

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Damm et al.Fig. 16. Colletotrichum petchii (from ex-epitype strain CBS 378.94). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–P.Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S. Ascomata. T. Outer surface of peridium. U. Paraphysis. V. Ascospores. W–Y. Asci. A, C–F, Q, S–T, V, Y. from Anthriscus stem. B, G–P, R, U, W–X.from SNA. A–B, S. DM, C–R, T–Y. DIC, Scale bars: A, S = 100 µm, E, T = 10 µm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–R. Scale bar of T applies to T–Y.30
The Colletotrichum boninense species complexalso larger than those of C. karstii and C. phyllanthi. Conidia of C.hippeastri are larger, while C. dracaenophilum occurs on Dracaenaspp. as well, but is not closely related to C. petchii as demonstratedby Farr et al. (2006). Their study included CBS 118193 and CBS118774 (C. petchii). Another species from Dracaena, C. dracaenaefragrantis,has narrower conidia, measuring 5–12 × 2.5–3.5 µm(Saccardo 1895); its affinities are unclear.Colletotrichum dracaenicola (syn. C. dracaenae Trinchieri1909, non Allesch.) may be a synonym of C. dracaenae. Theconidial size was given as 12–19 × 2–7 µm by Saccardo & Trotter(1913), which is an unusually wide range, but which overlaps withthat of C. dracaenae Allesch. Farr et al. (2006) could not locate thetype specimen (it was not present in NAP, PORUN or PAD), and thename therefore remains uncertain.Von Arx (1957) considered both C. dracaenae Allesch. and C.dracaenae Petch to be synonyms of C. gloeosporioides. Farr etal. (2006) agreed with this conclusion concerning C. dracaenaeAllesch. after studying type material, although their focus was onthe need to demonstrate distinctions between C. dracaenae andtheir new species C. dracaenophilum. The shape of the conidiaof C. dracaenae is similar to C. gloeosporioides, including theoverall length and the constriction in the central part. The conidiawere found to be noticeably wider in C. dracaenae compared with“typical” C. gloeosporioides.The original description (Allescher 1902) of the conidia of C.dracaenae Allesch. (14–18 × 5–7 µm, elongate-cylindrical, bothsides round) fits well with the species as circumscribed here. Mostfeatures of the setae also agree (40–60 µm long, obtuse tip, fewsepta, appearing late at the margins of conidiomata), apart fromtheir diameter (2.5–3.5 µm according to Allescher, 5–10 µm diamas measured here in the CBS strains). In the type material, wefound that the conidia measured (12.5–)13.5–16 × 5–6 µm (n= 20, mean ± SD = 15.2 ± 1.1 × 5.4 ± 0.3 µm, L/W ratio 2.8),which is smaller than those of the epitype of C. petchii but witha comparable L/W ratio. Few conidia had a noticeably prominenthilum, and the setae were found to be narrow (as observed byAllescher) and slightly verruculose. It is not certain that Allescher’scollection and the CBS isolates represent the same species, ascomparisons with dried material and living cultures are difficult. Asthe conidial hilum morphology seems to diverge from that seen inC. petchii (a diagnostic feature of the C. boninense aggregate) wehave chosen not to use Allescher’s name.Part of the type of C. dracaenae Petch was examined byFarr et al. (2006), who noted that the fruit bodies had a very thinsubhymenial layer that is only one or two layers thick. No otherobservations were made, and it is possible that the materialthey examined was effete. We re-examined the type and foundconidiomata typical of the C. boninense aggregate. In concordancewith Petch’s original description, the setae are strongly curved andtapering, and strongly verruculose towards the tip. Few conidiawere seen and those present were variable in shape and length/width ratio. The majority of those examined were 14–16 × 5–6.5µm in size, and were cylindrical to doliiform with a rather prominenthilum. We place Petch’s illegitimate taxon with confidence in the C.boninense aggregate, and it is not unreasonable to suppose that itis synonymous with C. dracaenae Allesch. Petch (1925) contrastedhis species with C. cordylines Pollacci but was evidently unawareof Allescher’s work.In contrast to other species in the C. boninense complex, C.dracaenae may be host-specific to Dracaena. The majority ofDracaena species are native to Africa, with a few in southern Asiaand one in tropical Central America, and they are often grown aspot plants or in greenhouses. The host species of the isolatesstudied here are popular houseplants. Colletotrichum dracaenaewas mostly isolated from leaves, where it caused leaf spots asindicated in the sampling details of some of the isolates (Di Lenna& Montecchio 1995). Within the species there is only low sequencevariability, and separate clusters are obtained with all phylogeniesemploying single genes.Colletotrichum phyllanthi (H. Surendranath Pai) Damm,P.F. Cannon & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB560746.Basionym: Glomerella phyllanthi H. Surendranath Pai, Mycopath.Mycol. appl. 42: 70. 1970.Culture characteristics: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin,hyaline, lacking aerial mycelium; reverse filter paper very paleluteous; 21.3–23.8 mm in 7 d (32.5–33.8 mm in 10 d). Colonieson OA flat with entire to slightly undulate margin; surface buff tosaffron, lacking aerial mycelium, reverse same colours; 19–23 mmin 7 d (30.8–35 mm in 10 d). Anamorph and teleomorphic structuresnot observed in the culture available.Material examined: India, Maharashtra, Poona, from leaf anthracnose onPhyllanthus acidus, 10 Feb. 1966, H. Surendranath Pai, IMI 122826, holotype;Maharashtra, Poona, isolated from anthracnose symptoms on leaves of Phyllanthusacidus, 10 Feb. 1966, H. Surendranath Pai, CBS H-7188, isotype, dried culture(PDA) of ascigerous stage, culture ex-isotype CBS 175.67 = MACS 271.Notes: Glomerella phyllanthi is known only from the originalcollection taken from leaves of Phyllanthus acidus in India. The extypestrain CBS 175.67, deposited in the CBS collection, did notsporulate under standard growth conditions. The description belowis derived from the original publication (Pai 1970).“Perithecia isolated or gregarious, dark brown, 159–190.8 µmwith long beaks measuring 47.7–150 µm. Ostiolar threads absent.Asci numerous, unitunicate, clavate, octosporous, arising in basallayers, sessile to subsessile, 43.2–56.6 × 8.6–10.8 µm. Paraphysesabundant in early stages but disintegrating at maturity. Ascosporesuniseriate or irregularly biseriate, elliptical to slightly curved,hyaline with oil globules at both ends, 12.9–17.28 × 2.1–6.4 µm.”Ascospore measurements from the isotype (CBS H-7188) agreewith those of the original description: (14–)14.5–17(–18) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–6) µm, mean ± SD = 15.7 ± 1.1 × 5.1 ± 0.6 µm, L/W ratio =3.1. Pai (1970) assumed that G. phyllanthi was the teleomorph ofColletotrichum heveae, and did not provide a complete descriptionof the anamorph, providing the following information: acervuli 113–159 µm, setae (only formed in old cultures) 63–143 µm, conidiacylindrical, oblong, 14–17 × 3–5 µm. No anamorph structures couldbe observed in the holotype or isotype specimens.According to its original description, conidia of Glomerellaphyllanthi are narrower than the other species within the C. boninensecomplex and none formed ascomata with a long beak as reportedfrom G. phyllanthi, though it must be recognised that culture mediumand growth conditions were not the same. According to the multigenephylogeny, G. phyllanthi forms a separate lineage close to C. karstii.This was the situation also in 5 of 7 single-gene phylogenies.Glomerella phyllanthi causes an anthracnose disease onleaves of Phyllanthus acidus in India (Pai 1966) but has not beenreported since. Farr & Rossman (2011) list C. gloeosporioides fromPhyllanthus emblica in China (Zhuang 2001) and P. reticulatus inMyanmar (Thaung 2008) as well as an unidentified Colletotrichumsp. from P. acidus in India (Mathur 1979), of which at least the lattercould be identical with G. phyllanthi.www.studiesinmycology.org31
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The Colletotrichum acutatum species
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Damm et al.µm diam. Setae not obse
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Damm et al.Table 2. Conidia measure
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Damm et al.Table 2. (Continued).Spe
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Damm et al.Table 3. Appressoria mea
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Damm et al.Fig. 25. Colletotrichum
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Damm et al.to olivaceous grey, filt
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Damm et al.are formed directly from
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Damm et al.Arx JA von (1957). Die A
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Damm et al.Masaba DM, Waller JM (19
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114
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Weir et al.grass-inhabiting species
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Weir et al.Table 1. A list of strai
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Weir et al.Table 1. (Continued).Spe
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Weir et al.Table 2. Primers used in
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Weir et al.11ICMP 17789 Malus USA1I
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Weir et al.Kahawae cladeC. alataeC.
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Weir et al.A0.991ICMP 17905 Coffea
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Weir et al.Conidial width variation
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Weir et al.G. c.“f.sp. camelliae
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Weir et al.Fig. 10. Colletotrichum
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Weir et al.Fig. 18. Glomerella cing
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Weir et al.images under C. fructico
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Weir et al.Specimen examined: Thail
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Weir et al.Notes: First described f
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Weir et al.gossypii var. cephalospo
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Weir et al.to utilise either citrat
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Weir et al.(ex-epitype culture CBS
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Weir et al.of this species to C. ps
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Weir et al.Table 4. Performance of
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Weir et al.Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpe
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Weir et al.Simmonds JH (1968). Type
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Cannon et al.182
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Cannon et al.In rare instances, Col
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Cannon et al.Table 1. Summary of pr
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Cannon et al.Table 1. (Continued).P
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Cannon et al.Table 2. Colletotrichu
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Cannon et al.as did those for Colle
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Cannon et al.Table 3. Authentic seq
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Cannon et al.110.74 C. cuscutae IMI
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Cannon et al.Boninense cladeThe bon
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Cannon et al.C. lindemuthianum AB08
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Cannon et al.A further important ac
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Cannon et al.Hawksworth DL (2011).
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Cannon et al.Rodríguez-Guerra R, R
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Studies in MycologyStudies in Mycol
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CBS Biodiversity SeriesNo. 11:Taxon
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Studies in Mycology (ISSN 0166-0616
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