Colletotrichum: complex species or species ... - CBS - KNAW

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Damm et al.belonging to the C. crassipes group as accepted by Sutton (1980).No type details were given in the original description. There isa probable type specimen of C. heveae in K(M), collected fromleaves of Hevea (Petch 2228) on 7 Oct. 1905, presumably from SriLanka. It is fragmentary and also contains a fungus identified onthe label as Gloeosporium brunneum. According to Petch (1927),C. heveae causes an indeterminate leaf spot, and is perhapsan invader following mechanical damage; it was not consideredto be a significant disease of rubber at that time. No funguscorresponding to the description of C. heveae was found on thetype specimen, and a slide previously made from this material(IMI 80135) also does not contain this species. Glomerellaphyllanthi (from the related plant Phyllanthus acidus) was initiallyregarded as the sexual morph of C. heveae (Pai 1970), but waslater revealed to belong to the C. boninense species complex,as was another species on Hevea, C. annellatum (Damm et al.2012, this issue).The conidia of Gm. heveae are about the same size as those ofC. laticiphilum (12–17 × 3.5–5 µm); however the spores extrude ina pale brown mass, which would be unusual for a Colletotrichum.Also the size range of the “basidia” (= conidiogenous cells) is givenas 20–34 × 2 µm; corresponding structures of C. laticiphilum areshorter and much wider. There is no material in K(M) identifiedas Gm. heveae. It is possible that the fungus identified as Gm.brunneum in the type collection of C. heveae is actually Gm.heveae, as Gm. brunneum is a completely unrelated fungusoriginating from Populus leaves in the USA (Ellis & Everhart1889). Petch could have realised after writing the packet label, butbefore publication, that naming his fungus Gm. brunneum wouldcreate a later homonym. Petch (1927) indicated that Gm. heveaewas found only in one isolated instance in 1905, when it causedleaf fall in young nursery-grown plants and resulted in generaldiscoloration and death of the whole leaf blade. The disease wassuccessfully controlled by reducing exposure to shade. Synonymyof Gm. heveae with our fungus would not affect the naming of C.laticiphilum as a combination into Colletotrichum based on Gm.heveae would be a later homonym of C. heveae.It seems possible that Gm. alborubrum might be referableto the species described here. According to Saha et al. (2002) asymptom consisting of raised spots had been attributed to thisspecies. The fungus was originally described from green stems ofHevea brasiliensis, but Petch (1927) stated that it caused abnormalleaf fall and appeared to spread to green ends of the branches tocause dieback. He thought that it might be a secondary invaderfollowing Phytophthora infection. These symptoms do not seemto correspond well with those described by Saha and colleagues.The conidia of Gm. alborubrum were measured as 15–20 × 3–4µm, and described as oblong with rounded ends, straight or slightlycurved, issuing in thick pink or white tendrils (Petch 1906). Thesize is similar to C. laticiphilum; we also observed slightly curvedconidia, especially in the isolate from Colombia (CBS 129827). Theconidial shape of both C. laticiphilum isolates on Anthriscus stemis not fusiform, but cylindrical with one end round and one endonly slightly acute. Therer are three specimens in K(M) identifiedby Petch as belonging to Gm. alborubrum, but none can be typematerial as they were all collected after publication of the name.Bearing in mind that definite type material of all three namesis either missing or fragmentary and that none of the authenticmaterial would be likely to yield good sequences, we think that itis more practical to publish a new taxon rather than to epitypify orneotypify one of the earlier names with a specimen that we are notconfident is conspecific with the type.Colletotrichum laticiphilum is separated from other species byits TUB2, GAPDH and CHS-1 sequences, and most differentiallywith TUB2. With CHS-1 there is only one bp difference from C.indonesiense, while the HIS3 sequence is the same as that ofthat species. The closest match with the GAPDH sequence (with99 % identity, 1 bp difference) was HQ846719 from an unnamedplant, probably from India (P. Chowdappa, C.S. Chethana, S.Madhura, unpubl. data). The ITS sequence of strain CBS 112989matches 100 % with AB042306 and AB042307 from isolates fromCarthamus and Glebionis from Japan (J. Moriwaki, T. Tsukiboshi,T. Sato, S. Uematsu, unpubl. data), with AJ749675 from isolatePD85/694 (= CBS 126519, C. chrysanthemi), and with AB219024from strawberry in Japan (Chung et al. 2006).Colletotrichum limetticola (R.E. Clausen) Damm, P.F.Cannon & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB455483. Fig. 17.Basionym: Gloeosporium limetticola [as Gm. limetticolum] R.E.Clausen, Phytopathology 2: 231. 1912.Sexual morph not observed. Asexual morph on leaf of Citrusaurantifolia (BPI 394978). Conidiomata conidiophores formed ona cushion of pale brown angular cells 3–6 µm diam. Setae notobserved. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, septate andbranched, up to 75 µm. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smoothwalled,cylindrical, sometimes slightly inflated, 10–18 × 2.5–4µm, opening 1–1.5 µm diam, collarette 0.5–1 µm long, periclinalthickening visible, sometimes distinct. Conidia hyaline, smoothwalled,aseptate, straight, sometimes slightly flexuous, cylindricalwith one end round and one end slightly acute to truncate, or bothends slightly acute, (10–)12.5–17.5(–20) × (3.5–)4–4.5(–4.5) µm,mean ± SD = 15.1 ± 2.4 × 4.1 ± 0.3 µm, L/W ratio = 3.7. Appressoriafew observed on specimen, pale to medium brown, smooth-walled,subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoidal outline, entire edge.Asexual morph on SNA (CBS 114.14). Vegetative hyphae1–8.5 µm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched.Chlamydospores not observed. Conidiomata not developed,conidiophores formed directly on hyphae. Setae not observed.Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, simple or septate andbranched, up to 45 µm. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smoothwalled,cylindrical to ampulliform, sometimes integrated (notseparated from fertile hyphae by a septum, polyphialides rarelyobserved, 8.5–20 × 3–5.5 µm, opening 1–1.5 µm diam, collarette0.5–1 µm long, periclinal thickening visible, sometimes distinct.Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, sometimesslightly curved, cylindrical to clavate with one end round andone end slightly acute to truncate, or both ends slightly acute,sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, (9–)12–20.5(–29) ×(3–)4–5(–6) µm, mean ± SD = 16.3 ± 4.2 × 4.5 ± 0.6 µm, L/W ratio= 3.6. Appressoria single or in loose groups, pale to medium brown,smooth-walled, subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoidal outline, entire orundulate edge (5–)6–8.5(–11) × (4–)4.5–6(–7) µm, mean ± SD =7.4 ± 1.3 × 5.3 ± 0.7 µm, L/W ratio = 1.4.Asexual morph on Anthriscus stem (CBS 114.14). Conidiomataconidiophores formed directly on hyphae or on a cushion ofpale brown angular cells 3.5–6.5 µm diam. Setae not observed.Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 80µm long. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindricalslightly inflated, 6–13 × 2.5–4.5 µm, opening 1–1.5 µm diam,collarette 0.5–1 µm long, periclinal thickening visible. Conidiahyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, clavate,cylindrical to fusiform with one end round and one end (often only76
The Colletotrichum acutatum species complexFig. 17. Colletotrichum limetticola (from ex-epitype strain CBS 114.14). A–B. Conidiomata. C–K. Conidiophores. L–Q. Appressoria. R–S. Conidia. A, C–G, R. from Anthriscusstem. B, H–Q, S. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–S. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 µm, F = 10 µm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of F applies to C–S.slightly) acute or both ends acute, (12–)13–18(–24) × (3.5–)4–4.5(–5.5) µm, mean ± SD = 15.5 ± 2.3 × 4.3 ± 0.4 µm, L/W ratio = 3.6.Culture characteristics: Colonies on SNA flat to low convex withentire margin, hyaline, filter paper partly pale salmon to straw, partlycovered with felty white aerial mycelium, reverse hyaline to paleochreous, filter paper partly straw; 18.5–20 mm in 7 d (26–30.5 mmin 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin; surface moist, whiteto pale luteous, saffron towards the centre due to sporulation, aerialmycelium lacking, reverse whitish, buff to rosy buff, 18–21.5 mm in7 d (26–29 mm in 10 d). Conidia in mass salmon.Material examined: Cuba, Herradura, inoculation experiment XV in Berkeley,Alameda Co., California, from twig of Citrus medica var. acida (= Citrus aurantifolia),unknown collection date, (inoculated 30 Jan. 1912, photographed 20 Mar. 1912 byR.E. Clausen), Earle (UC 302386 lectotype [not seen], BPI 394978 isolectotype).USA, Florida, from young twig of Citrus aurantifolia, collection date and collectorunknown (deposited in CBS collection Feb. 1914 by R.E. Clausen as Gloeosporiumlimetticola), (CBS H-20910 epitype, here designated, culture ex-epitype CBS114.14).Notes: Gloeosporium limetticola was described by Clausen (1912)following pathogenicity trials in California on young sour lime (Citrusmedica var. acida = Citrus aurantifolia, Key lime) trees inoculatedwith strains from sour lime from Cuba and with strains from orange,lemon, pomelo and tangerine from Cuba, California, and Florida.The Cuban sour lime strain from Herradura consistently causedwither tip disease symptoms on tester plants from that species, andanother Cuban strain (from Santiago de las Vegas) caused broadlysimilar symptoms on both sour lime and lemon (Citrus limon) trees.Clausen stated that a virulent form of wither tip occurred in Floridaalso, but this author was unable to access diseased material tocompare with the Cuban pathogen.Type material of Gm. limetticola was deposited by Clausen inthe dried fungus collections at the University of California (UC) andWashington DC (BPI). However, its identity (in particular its localgeographical origin, i.e. from Herradura or Santiago de las Vegas)was not specified in the original paper. The species was described[translated from the Latin] as occurring “in young leaves and stemsof Citrus medica var. acida, acting as a pathogen naturally in Cuba,and also artificially inoculated in greenhouses in California onleaves and stems of C. medica var. acida, C. limetta and C. limon)”.The relevant accession at UC consists of a single packet (UC302386) containing three further packets. One is from Clausen’sExperiment XV and is marked “lime type”; another is from lemon(Experiment XXVII) and Cuban lime material (presumably theoriginal diseased sample) and is marked “type material”. Thelemon sample is definitely from a genetic source different from thatof the lime collections, and, it was not marked as type material. Thetwo lime samples may well be genetically identical and could beregarded collectively as the holotype, but on balance we feel thattreating them as two syntypes is more reasonable. That conclusionwas also reached by Tavares et al. (1997), who designated thecollection from Experiment XV in UC as lectotype of Gm. limetticola.www.studiesinmycology.org77
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Studies in Mycology 73 (September 2
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Colletotrichum: complex species or
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Damm et al.Table 1. Strains of Coll
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Weir et al.11ICMP 17789 Malus USA1I
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Weir et al.Kahawae cladeC. alataeC.
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Weir et al.A0.991ICMP 17905 Coffea
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Weir et al.Conidial width variation
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Weir et al.Fig. 10. Colletotrichum
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Weir et al.Notes: First described f
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Weir et al.gossypii var. cephalospo
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Weir et al.to utilise either citrat
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Weir et al.Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpe
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Weir et al.Simmonds JH (1968). Type
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Cannon et al.182
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Cannon et al.In rare instances, Col
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Cannon et al.Table 1. Summary of pr
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Cannon et al.Table 1. (Continued).P
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Cannon et al.as did those for Colle
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Cannon et al.110.74 C. cuscutae IMI
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Cannon et al.C. lindemuthianum AB08
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Cannon et al.Hawksworth DL (2011).
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Cannon et al.Rodríguez-Guerra R, R
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Studies in MycologyStudies in Mycol
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CBS Biodiversity SeriesNo. 11:Taxon
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Studies in Mycology (ISSN 0166-0616
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