Colletotrichum: complex species or species ... - CBS - KNAW

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Damm et al.Table 1. (Continued).Species Accession No. 1 Host/Substrate Country GenBank No.ITS GAPDH CHS-1 HIS3 ACT TUB2C. walleri CBS 125472, BMT(HL)19* Coffea sp., leaf tissue Vietnam JQ948275 JQ948605 JQ948936 JQ949266 JQ949596 JQ949926Colletotrichum sp. CBS 129820, G5 Passiflora edulis, fruit, scab Colombia JQ948183 JQ948513 JQ948844 JQ949174 JQ949504 JQ949834CBS 129821, G6 Passiflora edulis, fruit, scab Colombia JQ948182 JQ948512 JQ948843 JQ949173 JQ949503 JQ949833CBS 129823, G8 Passiflora edulis, leaf, anthracnose Colombia JQ948192 JQ948522 JQ948853 JQ949183 JQ949513 JQ949843IMI 384185, CPC 18937 Caryocar brasiliense Brazil JQ948191 JQ948521 JQ948852 JQ949182 JQ949512 JQ949842CBS 101611 Fern Costa Rica JQ948196 JQ948526 JQ948857 JQ949187 JQ949517 JQ949847CBS 129810, T.A.2 Solanum betaceum, fruit, anthracnose Colombia JQ948179 JQ948509 JQ948840 JQ949170 JQ949500 JQ9498301 CBS: Culture collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; IMI: Culture collection of CABI Europe UK Centre, Egham, UK; MAFF: MAFF Genebank Project, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestryand Fisheries, Tsukuba, Japan; BRIP: Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Employment, Economic, Development and Innovation, Queensland, Australia; ICMP: International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants, Auckland, New Zealand; STE-U:Culture collection of the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; HKUCC: The University of Hong Kong Culture Collection, Hong Kong, China; PD: Plantenziektenkundige Dienst Wageningen, Nederland; * ex-holotype orex-epitype cultures.3–8.5 µm diam. Setae very few, medium brown, basal cell pale,smooth-walled, 1–2-septate, 45–85 µm long, base cylindrical,3–4 µm diam, tip ± acute. Conidiophores hyaline to pale brown,smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 30 µm long. Conidiogenouscells hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ampulliform, 9–20 × 3.5–5 µm, opening 1–1.5 µm diam, collarette 0.5–1 µm long, periclinalthickening distinct. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate,straight, cylindrical with one end round and one end slightly acute,(12.5–)15–18.5(–20.5) × (4–)4.5–5 µm, mean ± SD = 16.8 ± 1.7 ×4.7 ± 0.3 µm, L/W ratio = 3.6.Culture characteristics: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin,hyaline to pale cinnamon, on filter paper, Anthriscus stem andmedium partly covered with short floccose-felty white aerialmycelium and salmon, orange to olivaceous grey acervuli, reversesame colours, growth rate 20–21.5 mm in 7 d (32–33 mm in 10 d).Colonies on OA flat with entire margin; surface buff to honey, almostentirely covered with floccose-felty white to pale olivaceous greyaerial mycelium and olivaceous grey to salmon acervuli, reversebuff, pale olivaceous grey, grey olivaceous to iron-grey, growth rate17.5–20 mm in 7 d (27.5–30 mm in 10 d). Conidia in mass salmonto orange.Material examined: New Zealand, Nelson, from bitter rot on fruit of Malus domestica,1 Aug. 1987, P.R. Johnston, (CBS H-20725 holotype, culture ex-type CBS 128530= ICMP 12921 = PRJ 1199.3).Notes: Bitter rot has been considered an economically signficantdisease of apple for many years (Schrenk & Spaulding 1903b), andwas initially ascribed to Gloeosporium fructigenum (Berkeley 1856).However, Berkeley’s type was examined by Vinnere (2004) andfound to have falcate conidia, thus excluding it from the C. acutatumspecies complex. Currently, bitter rot is known to be caused primarilyby fungi from the C. gloeosporioides species complex (González et al.2006); that study focused on strains from the USA and Brazil, and wedo not know whether their C. acutatum s. lat. strains are conspecificwith C. acerbum. Those of Lee et al. (2007) from Korea are referableto C. acutatum clades 2 (C. nymphaeae and related species) and3 (C. fioriniae), so the host certainly appears susceptible to a widerange of Colletotrichum pathogens.The ex-type strain of C. acerbum is the only strain we includedin our study that represents C. acutatum group B as delineated byLardner et al. (1999). It may be common on Malus in New Zealand,but Lardner et al. (1999) found that more strains from fruit rot ofapple, as well as from feijoa and fig, belonged to group C and hadsimilar RAPD banding patterns (Lardner et al. 1999). It is possiblethat their group C includes more than one species. The GAPDHsequence of strain PJ9 (= PRJ 819 in Lardner et al. 1999), whichwas isolated from apple in New Zealand and was sequenced byGuerber et al. (2003), is identical to that of CBS 128530, the extypestrain of C. acerbum.Colletotrichum acerbum is distinguishable from C. rhombiformeand all other species in all gene sequences analysed except forCHS-1, and is most effectively distinguished with TUB2 and ITS.In morphological terms its conidia are longer and the appressoriaare shorter and wider than those of C. rhombiforme. Based onour studies and blastn searches in GenBank, it seems that C.acerbum could be endemic to New Zealand. The closest matchbased on TUB2 sequence that we could find (with 99 % identity, 5bp differences) was AJ748624 from isolate PT250 (= CBS 129953),derived from olive in Portugal (Talhinhas et al. 2005), whichwe assign to C. rhombiforme. The closest matches for the ITS54
The Colletotrichum acutatum species complexFig. 3. Colletotrichum acutatum (from ex-epitype strain CBS 112996). A–B. Conidiomata. C–I. Conidiophores. J–Q. Appressoria. R–S. Conidia. A, C–D, R. from Anthriscusstem. B, E–Q, S. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–S. DIC, Scale bars: A = 200 µm, B = 100 µm, C = 10 µm. Scale bar of C applies to C–S.sequence of C. acerbum (with 99 % identity, 3 bp differences), werewith the ITS of C. phormii and C. salicis, which are all members ofthe same major clade.Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds, Queensland J.agric. Anim. Sci. 25: 178A. 1968. Fig. 3.≡ Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds, Queensland J. agric. Anim.Sci. 22: 458. 1965, nom. inval., Art. 37.1.Sexual morph not observed. Asexual morph on SNA. Vegetativehyphae 1–5.5 µm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate,branched. Chlamydospores not observed. Conidiomata absent,conidiophores formed directly on vegetative hyphae. Setae notobserved. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth-walled, mostly simple,sometimes septate and branched, to 25 µm long. Conidiogenouscells hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to slightly inflated, often notclearly separated from subtending hyphae by a septum, 3.5–20 ×2–3.5 µm, opening 1–1.5 µm diam, collarette distinct, 1–1.5 µmlong, periclinal thickening conspicuous. Conidia hyaline, smoothwalled,aseptate, straight, cylindrical to fusiform with both endsacute, (7.5–)11–14.5(–19) × 3.5–4(–4.5) µm, mean ± SD = 12.6 ±1.8 × 3.9 ± 0.3 µm, L/W ratio = 3.2, conidia of strains CBS 112759,CBS 112979 and CBS 979.69 differ in being cylindrical to clavateand having one round and one acute end, e.g., conidia of strainCBS 112759 are smaller, measuring (6.5–)8.5–12(–13) × (2.5–)3–4µm, mean ± SD = 10.3 ± 1.9 × 3.4 ± 0.5 µm, L/W ratio = 3.1.Appressoria solitary, medium brown, smooth-walled, ellipsoidalto obovate, entire edge, sometimes undulate, (4–)5.5–9(–13) ×(3–)4–6.5(–9.5) µm, mean ± SD = 7.3 ± 2.0 × 5.4 ± 1.2 µm, L/Wratio = 1.3.Asexual morph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata acervular,conidiophores formed on a cushion of pale brown angular cells,2–7 µm diam. Setae not observed. Conidiophores hyaline, septate,branched, smooth-walled, to 50 µm long. Conidiogenous cellshyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, 9–18 × 3–3.5 µm, opening1–1.5 µm diam, collarette distinct, 0.5 µm long, periclinal thickeningconspicuous. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight,fusiform to cylindrical, apex and base uniformly acute, (8.5–)12–16.5(–17.5) × (3–)3.5–4.5(–5) µm, mean ± SD = 14.3 ± 2.1 × 4.1± 0.4 µm, L/W ratio = 3.5, conidia of strains CBS 112759, CBS370.73 and CBS 112979 differ in being cylindrical to clavate and inhaving one round and one acute end, conidia of strain CBS 370.73are smaller, measuring (5–)6.5–11(–12.5) × (2–)2.5–3.5(–4.5) µm,mean ± SD = 8.8 ± 2.1 × 3.2 ± 0.5 µm, L/W ratio = 2.7.Culture characteristics: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin,hyaline with white aerial mycelium on Anthriscus stem and filterpaper, reverse of filter paper partly pale ochreous; growth rate21–24.5 mm in 7 d (30–36.5 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flatwith entire margin; surface buff, rosy buff, salmon to peach due tosporulation, with olivaceous sectors in the centre, partly covered bywhite floccose aerial mycelium, reverse rosy buff to flesh, smokegrey to olivaceous grey in the centre; growth rate 20–25 mm in 7 d(31–33.5 mm in 10 d). Conidia in mass saffron to orange.www.studiesinmycology.org55
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Studies in Mycology 73 (September 2
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Damm et al.Table 1. Strains of Coll
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Damm et al.Fig. 30. Colletotrichum
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Damm et al.Arx JA von (1957). Die A
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Weir et al.11ICMP 17789 Malus USA1I
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Weir et al.Kahawae cladeC. alataeC.
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Weir et al.A0.991ICMP 17905 Coffea
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Weir et al.Conidial width variation
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Weir et al.Notes: First described f
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Weir et al.Simmonds JH (1968). Type
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Cannon et al.182
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Cannon et al.In rare instances, Col
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Cannon et al.Table 1. (Continued).P
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Cannon et al.110.74 C. cuscutae IMI
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Cannon et al.C. lindemuthianum AB08
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Studies in MycologyStudies in Mycol
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CBS Biodiversity SeriesNo. 11:Taxon
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Studies in Mycology (ISSN 0166-0616
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