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On terminology, spelling and pronunciationThis history focuses mainly on Kel Tamasheq and ‘Malian’ views of the world.In such an enterprise, it is hard to do justice to the complexity of the conceptspresented while keeping the text easily readable at the same time. The use ofsome Tamasheq concepts is inevitable. I have used the terms and expressions asthey are used in the Adagh, as this is the main site of this history. HenceTamasheq instead of Tamahak; eghewid instead of tagelmust; and ndêk insteadof ma imoos. I have not wanted to bother the reader with diacritical marks,using a very light and therefore rough transcription, but as the pronunciation ofa number of vowels and consonants differs from dialect to dialect (especially h,j, s, t and z), and even within dialects, the average reader can do without andstill grasp what is meant. Pronunciation of the transcription follows below.Nevertheless, I feel I owe my sincere apologies to the linguistically trainedreader.When it comes to the translation of French administrative terminology andTamasheq concepts, I have been rather eclectic, translating those that could beeasily and correctly translated, while those for which translation would meanloss of meaning have been left untranslated. Hence: Governor or GovernorGeneral instead of Gouverneur, but Commandant de Cercle instead of DistrictCommissioner, and (most of the time): tribal chief instead of Chef de Tribu (andthen in analogy fraction chief instead of Chef de Fraction). While tewsit can betranslated into clan or tribe (and the appropriate term has of course been used incontext), egha is too complicated to translate. I have used the term SoudanFrançais to indicate the former French colony and reserved Mali for thepresent-day Republic of Mali. The Mali Empire and the Mali federation areindicated as such. Région stands for the administrative unit (there are currentlyeight Régions in Mali), whereas region should be read as in English.Writing a history of a place as unmapped as northern Mali involves greatdifficulty in spelling. There exist a variety of topographical spellings for Tamasheqplace names. I have used the English spelling for those few places forwhich it exists, such as Bamako, Timbuktu and Segu. For many others I haveused the most current spelling, used on the latest official map of the Republic ofMali, and on Google Maps. Many Tamasheq place names start with /In/ or /Tin/followed by a noun, for example Tin Essako, or In Ekker. This is currentlyspelled as /I-n-/ or /T-in-/, but in many works and on other maps, these namescan be spelled as /In-/, /In / or simply /In/, hence Ti-n-Essako can be found asTin Essako, Tin-Essako, or Tinessako. The same problem arises with properxii
names, which I have found in many different spellings. I have used one spellingthroughout the text, in keeping with French spelling. Thus: Mohamed instead ofMuhammad.I have chosen to translate all quotes to English, including citations of publishedworks. Unless indicated, all translations to English are mine. My limitedlinguistic capacities, combined with the linguistic limits of the authors (oftennot more than primary education), and the particular idiom used (Marxist orother revolutionary rhetoric) does not always make an easy reading, whichcannot be changed however, without dealing too freely with the original text.a shortâ long opene short, as ∂ (shwa)ê long opené long openi shortî long openou as in French ouu as in French ouue as e in English getg as g in English getgh as the Parisian rj as in French jeukh as the Dutch gq as the Arabic qaf (glottal k)r as the Scottish rolling rsh as in English shipth as in English the‘ ‘ain and hamza both pronounced as in Cockney bottlexiii
Page 1: Disputed desert
Page 4 and 5: Cover illustration: painting of Tam
Page 7 and 8: ContentsList of photos ixList of ta
Page 9 and 10: List of photos1.1 Bouyagui ould Abi
Page 11: But of course, most important were
Page 15 and 16: urnousCantonCerclecheick (Ar.)Comma
Page 17 and 18: tayitetefoghessategezéteghereteher
Page 19 and 20: POLISARIOPSIPSPTSCTIUDPMUMADDUNHCRU
Page 21 and 22: Movement Date of creation Motivatio
Page 23 and 24: FM 62 Afaires Politiques: AOF-AEF (
Page 25 and 26: for his generosity in providing me
Page 27 and 28: IntroductionWhat is Alfellaga and w
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUCTION 3On a political map of
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION 5most anthropologists
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION 7Free - unfree. The ma
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION 9tewsit is that of a w
Page 37 and 38: INTRODUCTION 11ideal of temet and t
Page 39 and 40: INTRODUCTION 13groups were regroupe
Page 41 and 42: INTRODUCTION 15formally sworn to se
Page 43 and 44: INTRODUCTION 17a poem valuable is t
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCTION 19Their reports reflec
Page 47 and 48: INTRODUCTION 21independence led to
Page 49 and 50: Creating Mali1From the 1960s onward
Page 51 and 52: Competing nationalismsCREATING MALI
Page 53 and 54: CREATING MALI 27achieved. In fact,
Page 55 and 56: CREATING MALI 29Keita and the Seneg
Page 57 and 58: CREATING MALI 31sions. 17 More impo
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CREATING MALI 37Azawad areas, the f
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CREATING MALI 39tribe in Gourma Rha
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CREATING MALI 41tical party, the Na
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CREATING MALI 43One problem in the
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CREATING MALI 45Of all the officers
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CREATING MALI 47According to Bruce
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CREATING MALI 49arrival he organise
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CREATING MALI 51sion. 79 At its ina
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CREATING MALI 53balance yet. The Na
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CREATING MALI 55the means to stop t
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CREATING MALI 57Moroccan AJM member
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CREATING MALI 59This was perhaps du
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CREATING MALI 61jihad-states and th
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CREATING MALI 63national radio. Eac
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CREATING MALI 65to higher ranks to
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CREATING MALI 67searchers studying
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CREATING MALI 69rule: a means to ta
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CREATING MALI 71rally, were arreste
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CREATING MALI 73policies. To purge
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 75Af
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 77Bu
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 79re
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 81by
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 83so
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 85th
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 89fr
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 91la
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 93Af
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 95re
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 97va
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 99ar
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 101b
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 103S
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 105I
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 107m
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 109T
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 111t
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 113i
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 115a
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 117I
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 119M
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 121w
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 127w
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 129n
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 131T
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 133t
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 137p
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 139f
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 143F
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 147U
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 149Z
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Alfellaga4Declaration received from
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ALFELLAGA 155Tamasheq society in or
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ALFELLAGA 157- and the others. He w
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ALFELLAGA 159The reasons are numero
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ALFELLAGA 161as we do from the Fren
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ALFELLAGA 163The initial group of a
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ALFELLAGA 165ag Saghid, chief of th
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ALFELLAGA 167southward to Kidal. He
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ALFELLAGA 169cars from the Bamako b
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ALFELLAGA 171attentively, and in th
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ALFELLAGA 173behaviour and warrior
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ALFELLAGA 175was clear to the Malia
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ALFELLAGA 177civilians, whom they v
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ALFELLAGA 179clude extreme obesity
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ALFELLAGA 181diary. In return for h
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ALFELLAGA 183To those who could not
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ALFELLAGA 185cheick, and one of the
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ALFELLAGA 187dead, followed by the
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ALFELLAGA 189portance of Alfellaga
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ALFELLAGA 191well, Diby said, I sha
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REVOLUTION: TESHUMARA AND TANEKRA 1
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Rebellion: Al-Jebha (1990-1996)6On
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 251movement pro
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 253area simulta
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 255traditional
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 257they were sh
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 259on both side
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 261because of s
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 263The ‘confu
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 265We have crea
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 267fledged VIII
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 269The wise men
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 271town of El G
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 273gration in c
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 275organisation
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 277a pilot proj
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 279of a large t
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 281tewsit had f
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 283siten in Nor
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 285on the crowd
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 287ation to Zah
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 289the Western
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 291are, the mor
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 293ness; deceit
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 295many bellah
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 297origins. Dur
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 299the Malian G
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 301As his leade
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 303and organise
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 305movie is ins
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 307cook in. In
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CONCLUSIONS 309of a new political e
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CONCLUSIONS 311to promote the inter
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CONCLUSIONS 313course on ‘the oth
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CONCLUSIONS 315the egha of the imgh
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EPILOGUE 317from the Gulf and Saudi
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EPILOGUE 319The programme first too
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EPILOGUE 321In most of Mali the new
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EPILOGUE 323based in traditional So
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EPILOGUE 325The GSPC is an offshoot
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EPILOGUE 327addition, American troo
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EPILOGUE 329A further problem in bo
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EPILOGUE 331onally sent to the so-c
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EPILOGUE 333attention could put pre
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EPILOGUE 335Whereas the National Pa
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EPILOGUE 337besieging the Malian Ar
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EPILOGUE 339return for personal car
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342 REFERENCESBERNUS, E. (1981), To
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344 REFERENCESCRAWFORD YOUNG, M. (1
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346 REFERENCESJAMOUS, R. (1981), Ho
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348 REFERENCESNADI, D. (2007), Inst
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350 REFERENCESTRIAUD, J-L. (1986),
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352 REFERENCESS. TAMASHEQ, woman wh
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354 REFERENCESUnpublished manuscrip
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356 REFERENCESKAUFMANN, H. (1964),
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IndexAbdelaziz Bouteflika · 147Abd
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INDEX 361CRN · 269Dabakar · 202,
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INDEX 363Kel Intessar · 37, 39, 49
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INDEX 365sattefen · 83, 84, 298, 3
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