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356 REFERENCESKAUFMANN, H. (1964), Wirtschafts und Sozialstruktur der Iforas-Tuareg. Inaugural-Dissertation: Universität Köln.KLUTE, G. (20<strong>01</strong>), Die Rebellionen der Tuareg in Mali und Niger. Habilitationsschrift:Universität Siegen.LETTRE DU 1ER ADJOINT AU COMMANDANT DU CERCLE KIDAL À GOUVERNEUR DE GAO,Sujet: Mouvement de Liberation des Terres Tamacheq, 12/07/1990. Personalarchive.LEUPEN, A. (1977), Matériaux pour l’étude d’un conflit: Le cas des Touaregs Kel Adrar(République du Mali, 1963-1965). Haarlem. Personal archive.OCDE, Regional Working Group on DDR Programmes and Post-conflict Managementin West Africa. 2006. Vol. 2, Working Documents. Paris.http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/18/38520347.pdfPACTE NATIONAL Conclu entre le Gouvernement de la République du Mali et lesMouvements et Fronts Unifiés de l’Azawad consacrant le Statut Particulier du Norddu Mali. 11 April 1992. Available at: http://www.kidal.info/docs/pacte_national.pdfPERRIN, L. (1957), Methodes insurrectionnelles dans le sud marocain. Paris: CHEAM2953.PERRIN, L. (1958), Le probleme de la frontière méridionale marocaine. Paris: CHEAM2955.PROCÈS VERBAL DE LA RENCONTRE ENTRE LA DÉLÉGATION DU GOUVERNEMENT DU MALI etla Délégation du Movement Populaire de l’Azaouad et du Front Islamique Arabe del’Azaouad à Tamanrasset, les 5 et 6 Janvier 1991. Private Archive.REEB, C. (1947), Les Iklan ou les Touaregs Noirs. Paris: CHEAM 1226.REEB, C. (1948a), L’avenir économique du pays touareg. Paris: CHEAM 1284.REEB, C. (1948b), Les noirs au sein de la société touarègue (Soudan – Niger). Paris:CHEAM 1291.RÉPUBLIQUE DU MALI (1995), Rencontre Gouvernement-Partenaires sur le Nord-Mali.Version provisoire 7 Juin 1995 Private archive.REGNIER, J. (1960), Etat d’esprit des Touaregs de l’Adrar pendant l’été 1960. CHEAM3457.SCHMITT, E., Cpt. (1954), Le probleme des serviteurs – une solution. CHEAM 2449.SERRE (1955), Reflections sur l’evolution des chefferies traditionnelles. CHEAM 2497.SIBERCHICOT, A. (1962), Etude sur le cercle de Gao. CHEAM 3629.SWIFT, J. (1979), The economics of traditional pastoralism: The Tuareg of the Adrar nIforas (Mali). Ph.D. thesis: University of Sussex.TSCHUMY, J. Le bureau de main d’oeuvre d’Adrar (Sahara). Paris: CHEAM 3937.USAID office of Conflict and Mitigation. 17/06/2004. USAID/DCHA/CMMAssessment: Northern Mali. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADC966.pdfVALLET, M., Cpt. (1962), Les Kel Hoggar – l’évolution. Paris: CHEAM 3719.VALLET, M. (1965), Nomadisation et sedentarisation de la société touarègue. Paris:CHEAM 4046.VALLET, M. (1966a), Les Touaregs aujourd’hui. Paris: CHEAM 4113.VALLET, M. (1966b), Nomades blancs et gouvernements noirs. Paris: CHEAM 4141.VALLET, M. (1970), Les populations nomades du Sahara. Paris: CHEAM 4374.
REFERENCES 357DiscographyAFEL BOCOUM. (1999), Alkibar. World Circuit Production, WCD 053.TERAKAFT (2008), Akh Issudar. World Village, B0<strong>01</strong>EC23S0.TINARIWEN (2007), Aman Iman. World Village, 468067.Websiteshttp://atnmc.blogspot.com/http://atnmc.blogspot.com/http://azawad-union.blogspot.comhttp://azawad-union.blogspot.com/http://centricenergy.com/http://members.lycos.co.uk/ayor54/tallywen.htm.http://www.cefib.com/adema/historique.htmhttp://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ly.htmlhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/http://www.independent.co.uk/http://www.irinnews.org/http://www.jeuneafrique.comhttp://www.jeuneafrique.com/http://www.kidal.info/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/mali.jpghttp://www.malijet.comhttp://www.malikounda.com/http://www.maliweb.net/http://www.maliweb.net/http://www.tinariwen.com/http://www.rfi.fr/http://www.sofir.org/sarchives/http://www.youtube.com/
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Disputed desert
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Cover illustration: painting of Tam
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ContentsList of photos ixList of ta
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List of photos1.1 Bouyagui ould Abi
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But of course, most important were
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names, which I have found in many d
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urnousCantonCerclecheick (Ar.)Comma
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tayitetefoghessategezéteghereteher
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POLISARIOPSIPSPTSCTIUDPMUMADDUNHCRU
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Movement Date of creation Motivatio
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FM 62 Afaires Politiques: AOF-AEF (
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for his generosity in providing me
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IntroductionWhat is Alfellaga and w
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INTRODUCTION 3On a political map of
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INTRODUCTION 5most anthropologists
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INTRODUCTION 7Free - unfree. The ma
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INTRODUCTION 9tewsit is that of a w
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INTRODUCTION 11ideal of temet and t
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INTRODUCTION 13groups were regroupe
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INTRODUCTION 15formally sworn to se
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INTRODUCTION 17a poem valuable is t
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INTRODUCTION 19Their reports reflec
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INTRODUCTION 21independence led to
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Creating Mali1From the 1960s onward
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Competing nationalismsCREATING MALI
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CREATING MALI 27achieved. In fact,
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CREATING MALI 29Keita and the Seneg
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CREATING MALI 31sions. 17 More impo
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CREATING MALI 33colonial administra
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CREATING MALI 35Koutiala, Bougouni,
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CREATING MALI 37Azawad areas, the f
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CREATING MALI 39tribe in Gourma Rha
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CREATING MALI 41tical party, the Na
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CREATING MALI 43One problem in the
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CREATING MALI 45Of all the officers
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CREATING MALI 47According to Bruce
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CREATING MALI 49arrival he organise
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CREATING MALI 51sion. 79 At its ina
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CREATING MALI 53balance yet. The Na
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CREATING MALI 55the means to stop t
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CREATING MALI 57Moroccan AJM member
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CREATING MALI 59This was perhaps du
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CREATING MALI 61jihad-states and th
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CREATING MALI 63national radio. Eac
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CREATING MALI 65to higher ranks to
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CREATING MALI 67searchers studying
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CREATING MALI 69rule: a means to ta
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CREATING MALI 71rally, were arreste
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CREATING MALI 73policies. To purge
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 75Af
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 77Bu
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 79re
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 81by
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 83so
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 85th
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 89fr
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 91la
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 93Af
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 95re
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 97va
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 99ar
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 101b
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 103S
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 105I
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 107m
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 109T
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 111t
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 113i
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 115a
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 117I
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 119M
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 121w
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 127w
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 129n
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 131T
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 133t
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 137p
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 139f
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 143F
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 147U
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 149Z
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Alfellaga4Declaration received from
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ALFELLAGA 155Tamasheq society in or
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ALFELLAGA 157- and the others. He w
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ALFELLAGA 159The reasons are numero
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ALFELLAGA 161as we do from the Fren
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ALFELLAGA 163The initial group of a
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ALFELLAGA 165ag Saghid, chief of th
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ALFELLAGA 167southward to Kidal. He
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ALFELLAGA 169cars from the Bamako b
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ALFELLAGA 171attentively, and in th
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ALFELLAGA 173behaviour and warrior
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ALFELLAGA 175was clear to the Malia
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ALFELLAGA 177civilians, whom they v
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ALFELLAGA 179clude extreme obesity
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ALFELLAGA 181diary. In return for h
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ALFELLAGA 183To those who could not
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ALFELLAGA 185cheick, and one of the
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ALFELLAGA 187dead, followed by the
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ALFELLAGA 189portance of Alfellaga
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ALFELLAGA 191well, Diby said, I sha
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REVOLUTION: TESHUMARA AND TANEKRA 1
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Rebellion: Al-Jebha (1990-1996)6On
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 251movement pro
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 253area simulta
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 255traditional
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 257they were sh
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 259on both side
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 261because of s
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 263The ‘confu
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 265We have crea
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 267fledged VIII
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 269The wise men
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 271town of El G
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 273gration in c
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 275organisation
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 277a pilot proj
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 279of a large t
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 281tewsit had f
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 283siten in Nor
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 285on the crowd
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 287ation to Zah
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 289the Western
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 291are, the mor
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 293ness; deceit
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 295many bellah
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 297origins. Dur
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 299the Malian G
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 301As his leade
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 303and organise
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Page 333 and 334: REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 307cook in. In
Page 335 and 336: CONCLUSIONS 309of a new political e
Page 337 and 338: CONCLUSIONS 311to promote the inter
Page 339 and 340: CONCLUSIONS 313course on ‘the oth
Page 341 and 342: CONCLUSIONS 315the egha of the imgh
Page 343 and 344: EPILOGUE 317from the Gulf and Saudi
Page 345 and 346: EPILOGUE 319The programme first too
Page 347 and 348: EPILOGUE 321In most of Mali the new
Page 349 and 350: EPILOGUE 323based in traditional So
Page 351 and 352: EPILOGUE 325The GSPC is an offshoot
Page 353 and 354: EPILOGUE 327addition, American troo
Page 355 and 356: EPILOGUE 329A further problem in bo
Page 357 and 358: EPILOGUE 331onally sent to the so-c
Page 359 and 360: EPILOGUE 333attention could put pre
Page 361 and 362: EPILOGUE 335Whereas the National Pa
Page 363 and 364: EPILOGUE 337besieging the Malian Ar
Page 365: EPILOGUE 339return for personal car
Page 368 and 369: 342 REFERENCESBERNUS, E. (1981), To
Page 370 and 371: 344 REFERENCESCRAWFORD YOUNG, M. (1
Page 372 and 373: 346 REFERENCESJAMOUS, R. (1981), Ho
Page 374 and 375: 348 REFERENCESNADI, D. (2007), Inst
Page 376 and 377: 350 REFERENCESTRIAUD, J-L. (1986),
Page 378 and 379: 352 REFERENCESS. TAMASHEQ, woman wh
Page 380 and 381: 354 REFERENCESUnpublished manuscrip
Page 385 and 386: IndexAbdelaziz Bouteflika · 147Abd
Page 387 and 388: INDEX 361CRN · 269Dabakar · 202,
Page 389 and 390: INDEX 363Kel Intessar · 37, 39, 49
Page 391 and 392: INDEX 365sattefen · 83, 84, 298, 3
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