360 INDEXath-Thawra · 263ATNMC · 332, 336Attaher ag Bissaada · 258, 261, 323, 327Attaher ag Illi · 12, 36, 87, 90, 116, 121,123, 125, 155, 161, 164, 245, 327Attaher Maïga · 69, 72Awad el Djouh · 100-104, 106, 117Ayyouba ag Mohamed Adargajouj · 162,185Azawad · 2, 8, 37, 48, 109, 166, 195, 197,2<strong>01</strong>, 216, 233, 244, 253, 263-267, 271,273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 282, 285, 288,291, 292, 294, 296, 298, 330, 331, 333Azawagh · 2, 233Badi ould Hammoadi · 39, 50, 121, 149Bakary Diallo · 90, 91, 118-120, 130, 150,186Bamako · 18, 29, 33-37, 39, 56, 59, 61, 63,69, 70, 100-103, 106, 123, 137, 147-149, 162, 165, 169, 175, 178, 180, 189,190, 200, 2<strong>01</strong>, 208, 216, 230, 232, 233,247, 259, 266, 269, 275, 276, 286, 287,291, 294, 296, 320-322, 330, 334, 337Bamanakan · 68, 69, 133, 184, 258, 303,337Bamba · 278, 289Bambara · 2, 25, 34, 60-63, 291, 297, 304,309kingdom · 61, 297Bandiagara · 70, 71Bassikounou (refugee camp) · 277, 296BAUA · 282, 3<strong>01</strong>Baye ag Akhamouk · 125Bekaa valley · 241bellah · 20, 76, 85, 92, 93, 95-100, 105,107, 130, 132, 159, 206, 250, 252, 281,294, 295, 296, 298, 311, 312, 314fractions · 95, 96, 98‘Bellah question’ · 20, 76, 85, 92, 95-97,311Ber (massacre) · 287, 288Berabish · 45, 46, 49Bilal ag Saloum · 281, 295Bintangoungou (killings) · 289Biragoungou (killings) · 289Bissaada ag Khakad · 164, 188Bobo · 25Bokar Sada Diallo · 186Bokar wan Zeidou · 109borders · 3, 19, 29, 41, 43, 45, 46, 52-54,57, 58, 60, 70, 82, 139, 145, 176, 180,199, 203, 207, 233, 238, 240, 244, 253,276, 321, 322, 324, 326, 338Algerian border · 53, 166, 176, 195, 253Malian border · 147, 252, 308Mauritanian border · 37, 53, 278Saharan borders · 43, 56, 309Bordj Mokhtar · 53, 199, 203, 276boubou · 111gandoura · 210Bourem · 38, 98, 118, 123, 138, 140-142,166, 251, 261, 263, 273, 299-302, 307,311, 316Bouressa · 131-133, 153, 156, 158, 166,170, 174, 177, 178, 186, 189, 255, 257,258Bouyagui ould Abidine · 56, 58Brazzaville declaration · 27, 151Brigade de Vigilance · 73Burkina Faso · 3, 8, 29, 32, 43, 220, 277,310camel · 54, 74, 96, 124, 150, 153, 156, 165,167-169, 173, 175, 197, 254, 303cantonment camps · 307, 335cattle · 5, 95, 128, 129, 131, 139-142, 149,158, 175, 227, 283, 296, 307transhumance · 55, 197Chad · 43, 51, 52, 79, 237, 243, 244, 246,254, 280, 325, 326Cheiboun · 109, 110, 298Cheick ag Bay · 233, 253, 254, 262, 270Cheick Ahmed Lobbo · 60Cheick Bathily · 95Chemennamas · 265, 266, 282, 321CNID · 260, 269Colomb-Béchar · 41, 45, 180colonialadministration · 12, 30, 32-35, 37, 67,76, 78, 83, 86, 93, 94, 97, 98, 102,126, 137, 142, 196, 245, 309, 313,319army · 85, 159conquest · 11, 77, 93, 109, 121, 137,166, 202, 219, 222, 245, 308, 320darling · 311rule · 3, 4, 68, 77, 78, 87, 114, 120, 157,160, 191Commandant de Cercle · 12, 14, 18, 36, 38,64, 78, 91, 95-98, 110, 119, 122, 126,132, 136, 137, 144, 149, 159, 184, 191,261, 320Commissariat au Nord · 319Communauté Française · 28, 29, 51, 115
INDEX 361CRN · 269Dabakar · 202, 265, 266, 282Dakar · 29, 38, 49, 95, 1<strong>01</strong>, 102, 150Damascus · 240Daoussahak · 162, 166, 185, 190, 232, 265,282, 322de Gaulle · 27, 28, 47, 48, 88, 145, 151Dènkejugu · 196Diby Sillas Diarra · 33, 120, 133, 154, 158,159, 164, 167, 168, 170, 181, 184, 188,190, 191, 262, 312Dioula riots · 71Diré · 38, 104, 105, 117, 118, 140-142disarmament · 303, 305, 316PAREM · 318, 319Djebock · 265, 278Dogon · 2, 25, 35, 69, 70, 71, 144, 291, 304rebellion · 70, 144donkeys · 140, 146, 155, 206Doriet, Mount · 166, 169, 170drought · 54, 73, 131, 132, 138, 189, 195,197, 198, 2<strong>01</strong>-204, 207-209, 221, 229,243, 261, 266, 272, 279, 306, 321refugees · 132, 203, 207relief · 198, 200-202, 208, 209, 221, 229Ebeug ag Elmouack · 127, 188education · 31, 33, 36-38, 56, 60, 61, 65-67,87, 89, 91, 97, 98, 114, 117, 120, 124,127, 130, 131, 133, 136, 161, 177, 192,214, 216, 217, 223, 229, 232, 233, 236,262, 267école nomade · 37, 320egha · 154, 157, 172, 175, 193, 225-228,230-232, 243, 256, 314, 315, 338hatred · 21, 193, 227-230, 241, 278revenge · 21, 91, 154, 156, 174, 191,193, 225-228, 230, 256, 279, 290,305, 314wrath · 226, 228, 230eghewid (see tagelmust) · 190, 210, 211,248Elhajj ag Gamou · 329, 330, 334, 338Elkhurer · 109Elledi ag Alla · 14, 153, 155, 157, 162, 165,167, 170, 174, 181, 230, 237, 240, 245ellellu · 7, 84, 223, 256, 280, 283illellan · 7, 10, 256, 280, 281, 283eshik · 5, 157Essali (rebel base) · 255, 257ethnic group · 25, 26, 51, 61, 78, 79, 303,304, 313, 314ethnicity · 25, 26, 78, 311, 313ethnic cleansing · 258, 288, 311evolués · 327Fafa · 286famine · 146, 200, 317malnutrition · 199, 2<strong>01</strong>Fanfi (attack) · 239, 243fasobara · 68, 69, 133Fassala-Niéré (refugee camp) · 277FIAA · 263, 264, 271, 274, 283, 286, 287,289, 297, 298, 3<strong>01</strong>, 307Fily Dabo Sissoko · 27, 32, 35, 70, 108fiqh · 6Firhun ag Elinsar · 109, 298Flame of Peace · 249, 250, 316, 318FLN · 42, 45, 116, 145-148, 151, 152, 161,195FNLA · 273, 282, 283, 3<strong>01</strong>forbidden zone · 176-178, 257FPLA · 263-265, 267, 271, 273, 275, 276,282, 283, 287, 289, 3<strong>01</strong>, 307Franz Fanon · 147FULA · 273, 282, 284Fulbe · 25, 60, 61, 232, 291, 304, 305Ganda Koy · 249, 251, 277-279, 284-297,299-3<strong>01</strong>, 303-305, 307, 311-313, 337MPGK · 249Gao · 34, 44, 48, 50, 57, 60, 63, 70, 88, 90,91, 95-98, 100, 102, 107, 117-119, 122,123, 125-130, 132, 136, 138, 140-142,147-151, 163, 168, 170, 186, 188, 190,191, 196, 198, 199, 202, 246, 249, 252,258, 261, 265, 266, 273, 276, 278-280,283-285, 287, 289, 290, 292, 297, 298,300, 305, 317-319, 321, 322, 327, 329,331, 333, 335hospital massacre · 284, 285gender relations · 8, 75, 77, 116, 192, 195,211Ghadames · 204Ghana · 21, 24, 62, 91, 286, 298Ghat · 202, 204GIA · 276, 325Gorom-Gorom (refugee camp) · 277Gossi · 70, 265, 279goum · 89, 100, 144, 150, 168, 169, 173-175, 189desertion · 175goumier · 110, 149, 153, 162, 170, 173,174
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Disputed desert
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Cover illustration: painting of Tam
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ContentsList of photos ixList of ta
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List of photos1.1 Bouyagui ould Abi
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But of course, most important were
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names, which I have found in many d
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urnousCantonCerclecheick (Ar.)Comma
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tayitetefoghessategezéteghereteher
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POLISARIOPSIPSPTSCTIUDPMUMADDUNHCRU
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Movement Date of creation Motivatio
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FM 62 Afaires Politiques: AOF-AEF (
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for his generosity in providing me
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IntroductionWhat is Alfellaga and w
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INTRODUCTION 3On a political map of
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INTRODUCTION 5most anthropologists
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INTRODUCTION 7Free - unfree. The ma
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INTRODUCTION 9tewsit is that of a w
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INTRODUCTION 11ideal of temet and t
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INTRODUCTION 13groups were regroupe
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INTRODUCTION 15formally sworn to se
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INTRODUCTION 17a poem valuable is t
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INTRODUCTION 19Their reports reflec
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INTRODUCTION 21independence led to
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Creating Mali1From the 1960s onward
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Competing nationalismsCREATING MALI
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CREATING MALI 27achieved. In fact,
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CREATING MALI 29Keita and the Seneg
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CREATING MALI 31sions. 17 More impo
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CREATING MALI 33colonial administra
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CREATING MALI 35Koutiala, Bougouni,
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CREATING MALI 37Azawad areas, the f
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CREATING MALI 39tribe in Gourma Rha
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CREATING MALI 41tical party, the Na
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CREATING MALI 43One problem in the
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CREATING MALI 45Of all the officers
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CREATING MALI 47According to Bruce
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CREATING MALI 49arrival he organise
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CREATING MALI 51sion. 79 At its ina
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CREATING MALI 53balance yet. The Na
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CREATING MALI 55the means to stop t
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CREATING MALI 57Moroccan AJM member
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CREATING MALI 59This was perhaps du
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CREATING MALI 61jihad-states and th
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CREATING MALI 63national radio. Eac
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CREATING MALI 65to higher ranks to
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CREATING MALI 67searchers studying
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CREATING MALI 69rule: a means to ta
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CREATING MALI 71rally, were arreste
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CREATING MALI 73policies. To purge
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 75Af
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 77Bu
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 79re
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 81by
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 83so
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 85th
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 89fr
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 91la
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 93Af
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 95re
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 97va
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 99ar
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 101b
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 107m
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 111t
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 113i
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 115a
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 117I
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 119M
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 121w
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 123a
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 127w
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 129n
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 131T
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 135T
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 139f
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 141T
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 143F
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 145T
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 147U
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 149Z
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 151a
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Alfellaga4Declaration received from
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ALFELLAGA 155Tamasheq society in or
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ALFELLAGA 157- and the others. He w
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ALFELLAGA 159The reasons are numero
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ALFELLAGA 161as we do from the Fren
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ALFELLAGA 163The initial group of a
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ALFELLAGA 165ag Saghid, chief of th
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ALFELLAGA 167southward to Kidal. He
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ALFELLAGA 169cars from the Bamako b
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ALFELLAGA 171attentively, and in th
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ALFELLAGA 173behaviour and warrior
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ALFELLAGA 175was clear to the Malia
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ALFELLAGA 177civilians, whom they v
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ALFELLAGA 179clude extreme obesity
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ALFELLAGA 181diary. In return for h
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ALFELLAGA 183To those who could not
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ALFELLAGA 185cheick, and one of the
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ALFELLAGA 187dead, followed by the
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ALFELLAGA 189portance of Alfellaga
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ALFELLAGA 191well, Diby said, I sha
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REVOLUTION: TESHUMARA AND TANEKRA 1
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REVOLUTION: TESHUMARA AND TANEKRA 2
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Rebellion: Al-Jebha (1990-1996)6On
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 251movement pro
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 253area simulta
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 255traditional
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 257they were sh
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 259on both side
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 261because of s
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 263The ‘confu
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 265We have crea
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 267fledged VIII
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 269The wise men
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 271town of El G
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 273gration in c
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 275organisation
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 277a pilot proj
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 279of a large t
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 281tewsit had f
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 283siten in Nor
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 285on the crowd
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 287ation to Zah
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 289the Western
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 291are, the mor
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 293ness; deceit
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 295many bellah
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 297origins. Dur
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 299the Malian G
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 301As his leade
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 303and organise
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 305movie is ins
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 307cook in. In
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- Page 368 and 369: 342 REFERENCESBERNUS, E. (1981), To
- Page 370 and 371: 344 REFERENCESCRAWFORD YOUNG, M. (1
- Page 372 and 373: 346 REFERENCESJAMOUS, R. (1981), Ho
- Page 374 and 375: 348 REFERENCESNADI, D. (2007), Inst
- Page 376 and 377: 350 REFERENCESTRIAUD, J-L. (1986),
- Page 378 and 379: 352 REFERENCESS. TAMASHEQ, woman wh
- Page 380 and 381: 354 REFERENCESUnpublished manuscrip
- Page 382 and 383: 356 REFERENCESKAUFMANN, H. (1964),
- Page 385: IndexAbdelaziz Bouteflika · 147Abd
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