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182 CHAPTER 4Photo 4.1Captured rebel leaders Zeyd ag Attaher (middle), Ilyas ag Ayyouba (right) andMohammed Ali ag Attaher Insar’s messenger Mohammed Ali (left), are paraded invictory through Kidal.[Source: Archives du Cercle de Kidal. Courtesy of the Archives Nationales du Mali.]Photo 4.2Mohammed Ali ag Attaher Insar shortly after his extradition from Morocco in 1964.[Source: Archives du Cercle de Kidal. Courtesy of the Archives Nationales du Mali.]
ALFELLAGA 183To those who could not witness the public exposure of the leaders, the armywrote a note, which was dropped by airplane over the Adagh.LAST WARNING TO THE REBELS1º/ YOU ARE CUT OFF FROM YOUR FAMILIESYOU ARE CUT OFF FROM YOUR PEOPLEYOU ARE CUT OFF FROM YOUR LEADERSYOU ARE CUT OFF FROM THE WHOLE WORLD2º/ ALGERIA PURSUES YOU AND ARRESTS YOU AT ITS BORDERS TO HANDYOU OVER TO MALI3º/ YOU STILL HAVE A LAST CHANCE - THAT IS TO SURRENDERYOURSELVES WITH YOUR ARMS AT THE NEAREST MILITARYPOST WITHIN THE NEXT 48 HOURSMISSING THIS LAST CHANCE THAT MALI OFFERS YOU WILL MEAN:NAPALM BOMBSCANONSMACHINE GUNS DESTROYING YOU IN ONE DAY4º/ ZEID AG ATTAHER AND HIS MAIN COLLABORATORS HAVE BEEN INOUR HANDS SINCE 10 DAYS AGO450 REBELS WERE ARRESTED BY ALGERIA AND HANDED OVER TO MALILONG LIVE MALILONG LIVE THE MALIAN ARMY! 67The message could not have had a large impact, as almost none of the KelAdagh could read French. But other means where employed as well to convincethe population and the rebels of the hopelessness of their struggle. The armyhad a mobile cinema, which toured the regrouping zone in May 1964. Themovie showed Modibo Keita and the Algerian President Ben Bella embracingeach other as proof of Malian-Algerian solidarity. 68 Again, much probablyneeded to be explained, as the Kel Adagh knew the image of neither man.6768Flyer found in ACK.Cercle de Kidal, Revue mensuelle des évènements du mois de mai 1964. ACK.
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Disputed desert
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Cover illustration: painting of Tam
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ContentsList of photos ixList of ta
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List of photos1.1 Bouyagui ould Abi
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But of course, most important were
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names, which I have found in many d
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urnousCantonCerclecheick (Ar.)Comma
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tayitetefoghessategezéteghereteher
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POLISARIOPSIPSPTSCTIUDPMUMADDUNHCRU
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Movement Date of creation Motivatio
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FM 62 Afaires Politiques: AOF-AEF (
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for his generosity in providing me
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IntroductionWhat is Alfellaga and w
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INTRODUCTION 3On a political map of
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INTRODUCTION 5most anthropologists
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INTRODUCTION 7Free - unfree. The ma
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INTRODUCTION 9tewsit is that of a w
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INTRODUCTION 11ideal of temet and t
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INTRODUCTION 13groups were regroupe
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INTRODUCTION 15formally sworn to se
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INTRODUCTION 17a poem valuable is t
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INTRODUCTION 19Their reports reflec
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INTRODUCTION 21independence led to
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Creating Mali1From the 1960s onward
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Competing nationalismsCREATING MALI
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CREATING MALI 27achieved. In fact,
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CREATING MALI 29Keita and the Seneg
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CREATING MALI 31sions. 17 More impo
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CREATING MALI 33colonial administra
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CREATING MALI 35Koutiala, Bougouni,
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CREATING MALI 37Azawad areas, the f
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CREATING MALI 39tribe in Gourma Rha
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CREATING MALI 41tical party, the Na
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CREATING MALI 43One problem in the
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CREATING MALI 45Of all the officers
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CREATING MALI 47According to Bruce
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CREATING MALI 49arrival he organise
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CREATING MALI 51sion. 79 At its ina
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CREATING MALI 53balance yet. The Na
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CREATING MALI 55the means to stop t
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CREATING MALI 57Moroccan AJM member
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CREATING MALI 59This was perhaps du
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CREATING MALI 61jihad-states and th
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CREATING MALI 63national radio. Eac
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CREATING MALI 65to higher ranks to
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CREATING MALI 67searchers studying
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CREATING MALI 69rule: a means to ta
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CREATING MALI 71rally, were arreste
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CREATING MALI 73policies. To purge
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 75Af
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 77Bu
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 79re
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 81by
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 83so
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 85th
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 89fr
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 91la
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 93Af
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 95re
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 97va
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 99ar
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 101b
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 103S
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 105I
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 107m
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 109T
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 111t
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RACE, STEREOTYPES AND POLITICS 113i
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 115a
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 117I
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 119M
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 121w
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 127w
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MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 129n
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Page 163 and 164: MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 137p
Page 165 and 166: MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 139f
Page 169 and 170: MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 143F
Page 173 and 174: MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 147U
Page 175 and 176: MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 149Z
Page 177 and 178: MALI’S MISSION CIVILISATRICE 151a
Page 179 and 180: Alfellaga4Declaration received from
Page 181 and 182: ALFELLAGA 155Tamasheq society in or
Page 183 and 184: ALFELLAGA 157- and the others. He w
Page 185 and 186: ALFELLAGA 159The reasons are numero
Page 187 and 188: ALFELLAGA 161as we do from the Fren
Page 189 and 190: ALFELLAGA 163The initial group of a
Page 191 and 192: ALFELLAGA 165ag Saghid, chief of th
Page 193 and 194: ALFELLAGA 167southward to Kidal. He
Page 195 and 196: ALFELLAGA 169cars from the Bamako b
Page 197 and 198: ALFELLAGA 171attentively, and in th
Page 199 and 200: ALFELLAGA 173behaviour and warrior
Page 201 and 202: ALFELLAGA 175was clear to the Malia
Page 203 and 204: ALFELLAGA 177civilians, whom they v
Page 205 and 206: ALFELLAGA 179clude extreme obesity
Page 207: ALFELLAGA 181diary. In return for h
Page 211 and 212: ALFELLAGA 185cheick, and one of the
Page 213 and 214: ALFELLAGA 187dead, followed by the
Page 215 and 216: ALFELLAGA 189portance of Alfellaga
Page 217 and 218: ALFELLAGA 191well, Diby said, I sha
Page 219 and 220: REVOLUTION: TESHUMARA AND TANEKRA 1
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REVOLUTION: TESHUMARA AND TANEKRA 2
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Rebellion: Al-Jebha (1990-1996)6On
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 251movement pro
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 253area simulta
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 255traditional
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 257they were sh
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 259on both side
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 261because of s
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 263The ‘confu
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 265We have crea
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 267fledged VIII
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 269The wise men
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 271town of El G
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 273gration in c
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 275organisation
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 277a pilot proj
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 279of a large t
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 281tewsit had f
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 283siten in Nor
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 285on the crowd
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 287ation to Zah
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 289the Western
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 291are, the mor
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 293ness; deceit
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 295many bellah
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 297origins. Dur
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 299the Malian G
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 301As his leade
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 303and organise
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 305movie is ins
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REBELLION: AL-JEBHA 307cook in. In
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CONCLUSIONS 309of a new political e
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CONCLUSIONS 311to promote the inter
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CONCLUSIONS 313course on ‘the oth
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CONCLUSIONS 315the egha of the imgh
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EPILOGUE 317from the Gulf and Saudi
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EPILOGUE 319The programme first too
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EPILOGUE 321In most of Mali the new
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EPILOGUE 323based in traditional So
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EPILOGUE 325The GSPC is an offshoot
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EPILOGUE 327addition, American troo
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EPILOGUE 329A further problem in bo
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EPILOGUE 331onally sent to the so-c
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EPILOGUE 333attention could put pre
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EPILOGUE 335Whereas the National Pa
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EPILOGUE 337besieging the Malian Ar
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EPILOGUE 339return for personal car
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342 REFERENCESBERNUS, E. (1981), To
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344 REFERENCESCRAWFORD YOUNG, M. (1
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346 REFERENCESJAMOUS, R. (1981), Ho
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348 REFERENCESNADI, D. (2007), Inst
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350 REFERENCESTRIAUD, J-L. (1986),
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352 REFERENCESS. TAMASHEQ, woman wh
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354 REFERENCESUnpublished manuscrip
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356 REFERENCESKAUFMANN, H. (1964),
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IndexAbdelaziz Bouteflika · 147Abd
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INDEX 361CRN · 269Dabakar · 202,
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INDEX 363Kel Intessar · 37, 39, 49
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INDEX 365sattefen · 83, 84, 298, 3
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