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282 CHAPTER 6chief dominancy within the Tamasheq political landscape of movements, civiliansand tribal leaders. The ARLA fighters were totally evicted from the centreof the Adagh. The ARLA fighters and their civilian protégés of imghad tribessought refuge in the Tamesna plain at the FPLA base at I-n-Taykaren and thenearby base of Halboubouti. The Idnan members of the ARLA retreated tothose areas of the Adagh generally considered to be their territory, notably theTimetrine valley, where they created their own movement: The Base Autonomedu Timetrine (BAUA). In December 1994, these Idnan fighters were forciblyintegrated in the MPA. Other former ARLA fighters followed after the signingof a final peace agreement between MPA and ARLA that same month. 53 Theeffective destruction of the ARLA forces meant a final victory for the Ifoghas inthe Adagh, and thus a victory for the conservative elements within the movement.Hierarchy within the Kel Adagh federation was again established with theIfoghas at the top.The Kel Adagh were not the only ones to experience factionalism alongtewsit lines. The FPLA, which had started as a movement of hardliners, sufferedunder the same problem. In January 1993 two new movements came intoexistence: the Front Unifié de Libération de l’Azawad (FULA); and the FrontNational de Libération de l’Azawad (FNLA). The FULA consisted largely ofKel Intessar inhabiting the western part of the Niger Bend around Goundam.The FPLA headquarters were established at I-n-Taykaren at the extreme easternpart of the Niger Bend, under the control of the tewsit Chemennamas. I-n-Taykaren is far removed from the Goundam area. Distance between operationalbases and leadership questions led the Kel Intessar to opt out of the FPLA. TheIshidenharen, Dabakar and Daoussahak tewsiten, inhabiting roughly the samearea as the Chemennamas, also withdrew from the FPLA, leaving the Chemennamason their own. The Ishidenharen and part of the Dabakar created theFNLA, setting up its base at Mount Halboubouti in the vicinity of I-n-Taykaren.The Daoussahak, never having been much involved in the movement anyway,left altogether to form an independent defence militia. The splits along tewsitlines within the FPLA cannot be explained along the same ideological lines asthe split between MPA and ARLA. The Daoussahak are both inside and outsidethe Tamasheq world. They speak their own language and are, strictly speaking,not Kel Tamasheq. However, they were incorporated within the Tamasheqpolitical world as part of the pre-colonial Ouillimiden federation, with a statussimilar to imghad. The Chemennamas, Ishidenharen and Dabakar are tewsitenwith more or less equal status within the tewsit hierarchy. In pre-colonial times,the tewsiten within the FPLA were under the protection of the Ouillimiden KelAtaram imushagh (or ‘true’or ‘highest’ nobles), as were almost all other tew-53‘ARLA – MPA: Signature d’un accord de paix’, Amawal, 27/12/1994.