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other k<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong> expert performers. “Seriousstudy alone” is the strongest predictor<strong>of</strong> skill for tournament-ratedchess players, for example; grandmasterstypically spend a whopp<strong>in</strong>g fivethousand hours—almost five times asmany hours as <strong>in</strong>termediate-level players—study<strong>in</strong>gthe game by themselvesdur<strong>in</strong>g their first ten years <strong>of</strong> learn<strong>in</strong>gto play. College students who tend tostudy alone learn more over time thanthose who work <strong>in</strong> groups. Even eliteathletes <strong>in</strong> team sports <strong>of</strong>ten spend unusualamounts <strong>of</strong> time <strong>in</strong> solitarypractice.What’s so magical about solitude? Inmany fields, Ericsson told me, it’s onlywhen you’re alone that you can engage<strong>in</strong> Deliberate Practice, which he hasidentified as the key to exceptionalachievement. When you practice deliberately,you identify the tasks or242/929

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