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<strong>The</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g th<strong>in</strong>g is that these differencesare heritable, not learned, sothat the <strong>of</strong>fspr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> bold guppies whomove <strong>in</strong>to bad neighborhoods <strong>in</strong>herittheir parents’ boldness—even thoughthis puts them at a severe disadvantage<strong>com</strong>pared to their vigilant peers. Itdoesn’t take long for their genes tomutate, though, and descendants whomanage to survive tend to be carefultypes. <strong>The</strong> same th<strong>in</strong>g happens to vigilantguppies when the pike suddenlydisappear; it takes about twenty yearsfor their descendants to evolve <strong>in</strong>to fishwho act as if they haven’t a care <strong>in</strong> theworld.427/929<strong>The</strong> trade-<strong>of</strong>f theory seems to applyequally to humans. Scientists have

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