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mass immigration blew the population<strong>in</strong>to the cities. In 1790, only 3 percent<strong>of</strong> Americans lived <strong>in</strong> cities; <strong>in</strong> 1840,only 8 percent did; by 1920, more thana third <strong>of</strong> the country were urbanites.“We cannot all live <strong>in</strong> cities,” wrote thenews editor Horace Greeley <strong>in</strong> 1867,“yet nearly all seem determ<strong>in</strong>ed to doso.”Americans found themselves work<strong>in</strong>gno longer with neighbors but withstrangers. “Citizens” morphed <strong>in</strong>to “employees,”fac<strong>in</strong>g the question <strong>of</strong> how tomake a good impression on people towhom they had no civic or family ties.“<strong>The</strong> reasons why one man ga<strong>in</strong>ed apromotion or one woman suffered a socialsnub,” writes the historian RolandMarchand, “had be<strong>com</strong>e less explicableon grounds <strong>of</strong> long-stand<strong>in</strong>g favoritismor old family feuds. In the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>glyanonymous bus<strong>in</strong>ess and social75/929

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