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Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry

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<strong>Report</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Bahrain</strong> <strong>Independent</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inquiry</strong><br />

(4) Deaths <strong>of</strong> expatriate workers ............................................ 226<br />

(5) Deaths <strong>of</strong> police <strong>of</strong>ficers and BDF personnel ................... 227<br />

d) Recommendations ................................................................. 228<br />

Part 2 – Case-by-Case Analysis ........................................................ 228<br />

a) Deaths Attributed to Security Forces .................................... 228<br />

b) Deaths Not Attributable to Specific Perpetrators .................. 238<br />

c) Deaths Caused by Torture ..................................................... 241<br />

d) Deaths <strong>of</strong> Expatriate Workers ............................................... 246<br />

e) Deaths <strong>of</strong> Police Officers and BDF Personnel ...................... 248<br />

f) Deaths That Took Place Outside <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong>’s<br />

Temporal Mandate ................................................................ 252<br />

SECTION B – USE OF FORCE BY GOVERNMENT ACTORS .................. 257<br />

1. Factual Background .................................................................. 257<br />

a) The Alleged Misuse <strong>of</strong> Force by MoI units .......................... 258<br />

(1) The clearing operations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> GCC Roundabout ............. 258<br />

(2) Riot Control operations ..................................................... 260<br />

(3) Checkpoints ...................................................................... 262<br />

b) The Use <strong>of</strong> Force by BDF Units ........................................... 262<br />

c) The Use <strong>of</strong> Force by NSA Units ........................................... 263<br />

d) The Use <strong>of</strong> Force by National Guard Units........................... 263<br />

2. Applicable Law ......................................................................... 263<br />

a) International Law .................................................................. 263<br />

b) National Law ......................................................................... 265<br />

3. Findings and Conclusions ......................................................... 266<br />

SECTION C – MANNER OF ARRESTS .................................................. 269<br />

1. Factual Background .................................................................. 269<br />

a) The Treatment <strong>of</strong> Women and Children Present During<br />

Arrests ................................................................................... 271<br />

b) Destruction <strong>of</strong> Property ......................................................... 273<br />

c) Theft <strong>of</strong> Property ................................................................... 274<br />

2. Applicable Law ......................................................................... 275<br />

a) International Law .................................................................. 275<br />

b) National Law ......................................................................... 276<br />

3. Findings and Conclusions ......................................................... 280<br />

SECTION D – TREATMENT OF PERSONS IN CUSTODY ....................... 282<br />

1. Factual Background .................................................................. 282<br />

a) General Pattern <strong>of</strong> Mistreatment ........................................... 285<br />

b) Specific Techniques <strong>of</strong> Mistreatment .................................... 287<br />

c) Procedures <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong>’s Investigation Team ........... 290<br />

d) Challenges Faced by <strong>the</strong> Investigation .................................. 291<br />

e) Forensic Evidence ................................................................. 291<br />

iv

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