The Descent of Man

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is well known, polygamous; others being strictly monogamous. What a contrast is presented between the sexes of the polygamous peacock or pheasant, and the monogamous guinea-fowl or partridge! Many similar cases could be given, as in the grouse tribe, in which the males of the polygamous capercailzie and black-cock differ greatly from the females; whilst the sexes of the monogamous red grouse and ptarmigan differ very little. In the Cursores, except amongst the bustards, few species offer strongly-marked sexual differences, and the great bustard (Otis tarda) is said to be polygamous. With the Grallatores, extremely few species differ sexually, but the ruff (Machetes pugnax) affords a marked exception, and this species is believed by Montagu to be a polygamist. Hence it appears that amongst birds there often exists a close relation between polygamy and the development of strongly-marked sexual differences. I asked Mr. Bartlett, of the Zoological Gardens, who has had very large experience with
irds, whether the male tragopan (one of the Gallinaceae) was polygamous, and I was struck by his answering, "I do not know, but should think so from his splendid colours." It deserves notice that the instinct of pairing with a single female is easily lost under domestication. The wild-duck is strictly monogamous, the domestic-duck highly polygamous. The Rev. W.D. Fox informs me that out of some half-tamed wild-ducks, on a large pond in his neighbourhood, so many mallards were shot by the gamekeeper that only one was left for every seven or eight females; yet unusually large broods were reared. The guinea-fowl is strictly monogamous; but Mr. Fox finds that his birds succeed best when he keeps one cock to two or three hens. Canary-birds pair in a state of nature, but the breeders in England successfully put one male to four or five females. I have noticed these cases, as rendering it probable that wild monogamous species might readily become
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Work reproduced with no editorial r
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INTRODUCTION. The nature of the fol
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form, we are deprived of the weight
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This work contains hardly any origi
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probably never have completed it. A
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aces of man. But owing to the lengt
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must be classed as doubtful species
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ain of man has its analogy in that
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chemical reagent.) of their tissues
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prove how similar the nerves of tas
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idem in Cynocephalo. Illustrissimus
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First visceral arch. g. Second visc
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oth drawings removed. I was directe
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will conclude with a quotation from
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are useless, or nearly useless, and
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vol. ii pp. 317 and 397. See also '
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Some few persons have the power of
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attention towards them, could recov
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large and heavy birds, which, from
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and Mr. E. Ray Lankester informs me
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een sent me, the projection is so l
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e rapidly drawn across the whole ey
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white races. See his paper, 'Medico
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the body are the rudiments of the u
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naked, like the inferior surfaces o
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thropological Review, July 1867, p.
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pendage is a rudiment, we may infer
Page 55 and 56:
Petersbourg,' tom. xii. 1867, p. 44
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pont found thirty per cent. of perf
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y Prof. Turner, has been expressly
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inheritance, that is, on parts acqu
Page 63 and 64:
etc., is utterly inexplicable. (56.
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seal, bat, reptile, etc., can at fi
Page 67 and 68:
Variability of body and mind in man
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much diversity in the teeth as in t
Page 71 and 72:
The variability or diversity of the
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wonderfully complex combination of
Page 75 and 76:
has never long been controlled, eit
Page 77 and 78:
If then in outward manner, form, an
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continued use or disuse of parts. T
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Military and Anthrop. Statistics,'
Page 83 and 84:
arrive at any precise result. Dr. B
Page 85 and 86:
their coats. When one kidney ceases
Page 87 and 88:
is hereditary; there is really some
Page 89 and 90:
Variation of Animals under Domestic
Page 91 and 92:
phere, they have acquired chests an
Page 93 and 94:
served that they still inherited th
Page 95 and 96:
idiots, as described in Vogt's memo
Page 97 and 98:
Many of the cases to be here given,
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mammae (of course rudimentary) in t
Page 101 and 102:
mestication why I now place little
Page 103 and 104:
into the body of the uterus." The a
Page 105 and 106:
Professor Canestrini, after discuss
Page 107 and 108:
pecially, as Canestrini has observe
Page 109 and 110:
nine character, as Owen (42. 'Anato
Page 111 and 112:
to an ape-like progenitor. He who r
Page 113 and 114:
Dr. Murie and Mr. St. George Mivart
Page 115 and 116:
ing muscles in the lower animals. (
Page 117 and 118:
muscles of the human neck, shoulder
Page 119 and 120:
CORRELATED VARIATION. In man, as in
Page 121 and 122:
RATE OF INCREASE. Civilised populat
Page 123 and 124:
suckling their infants during a lon
Page 125 and 126:
support a wife; and they generally
Page 127 and 128:
pan) it has been intentionally enco
Page 129 and 130:
elephant, the slowest breeder of al
Page 131 and 132:
ther occasionally or habitually, ha
Page 133 and 134:
smallest proficiency in it might re
Page 135 and 136:
only have endowed the savage with a
Page 137 and 138:
with precision, or to form a flint
Page 139 and 140:
and, as I have myself seen, are qui
Page 141 and 142:
sume his erect attitude, which form
Page 143 and 144:
progression of the higher apes, to
Page 145 and 146:
in structure more nearly to the bip
Page 147 and 148:
teeth; but as they gradually acquir
Page 149 and 150:
tles. (78. Dujardin, 'Annales des S
Page 151 and 152:
inhabitants of Britain have "much m
Page 153 and 154:
many facts shew how easily the skul
Page 155 and 156:
was 3.15 and the latter 4.3 inches
Page 157 and 158:
ates,' vol. iii. p. 619.) than thos
Page 159 and 160:
have led to the denudation of his b
Page 161 and 162:
pologie,' 1872; 'La Constitution de
Page 163 and 164:
unneus is formed of eleven vertebra
Page 165 and 166:
epilepsy in guinea-pigs, and likewi
Page 167 and 168:
gether. Independently of correlatio
Page 169 and 170:
secondly, that natural selection ha
Page 171 and 172:
the injurious will be thus eliminat
Page 173 and 174:
Judging from the habits of savages
Page 175 and 176:
adduces the naked and unprotected s
Page 177 and 178:
from his fellow-men. No country in
Page 179 and 180:
descent from some lower form; but i
Page 181 and 182:
Differences of this kind between th
Page 183 and 184:
somewhat fewer instincts than those
Page 185 and 186:
Although the first dawnings of inte
Page 187 and 188:
a reflex action, yet it is not impr
Page 189 and 190:
his work by practice; a beaver, on
Page 191 and 192:
dotes have been published on the lo
Page 193 and 194:
maternal affection exhibited in the
Page 195 and 196:
in the old baboon. Monkeys will als
Page 197 and 198:
We will now turn to the more intell
Page 199 and 200:
frightened, they soon approached, h
Page 201 and 202:
ents, and sometimes of other birds;
Page 203 and 204:
easily approached. Mr. Bartlett has
Page 205 and 206:
The IMAGINATION is one of the highe
Page 207 and 208:
liberate, and resolve. It is a sign
Page 209 and 210:
fishes, that he was sometimes compl
Page 211 and 212:
I have seen, as I daresay have othe
Page 213 and 214:
ly as would a philosopher in his lo
Page 215 and 216:
The following cases relate to dogs.
Page 217 and 218:
writers even yet deny that the high
Page 219 and 220:
such aphorisms, but they are almost
Page 221 and 222:
have come into play. I have receive
Page 223 and 224:
Mus coninga to its superior cunning
Page 225 and 226:
were employed as implements; but th
Page 227 and 228:
implement for a special purpose is
Page 229 and 230:
It would be very difficult for any
Page 231 and 232:
never reflects on his past pleasure
Page 233 and 234:
hypothesis is a false one." (46. Th
Page 235 and 236:
movements of the muscles of the fac
Page 237 and 238:
ii. p. 309. Dr. A. Moschkau informs
Page 239 and 240:
olog., tom. x. p. 119.) has proved,
Page 241 and 242:
cal cadences, that is in singing, a
Page 243 and 244:
early progenitor of man must have b
Page 245 and 246:
partly on the disposition of the mi
Page 247 and 248:
certain sounds with certain general
Page 249 and 250:
larly constructed, these being used
Page 251 and 252:
often remain as the rudiments of an
Page 253 and 254:
the Lapponian, and many of the Amer
Page 255 and 256:
SENSE OF BEAUTY. This sense has bee
Page 257 and 258:
irregular intervals are highly disa
Page 259 and 260:
most remarkable and typical differe
Page 261 and 262:
As Mr. M'Lennan (75. 'The Worship o
Page 263 and 264:
dowed with some form of life, and w
Page 265 and 266:
eligious rites; and Jemmy Button, w
Page 267 and 268:
lood-loving god; the trial of innoc
Page 269 and 270:
sense or conscience is by far the m
Page 271 and 272:
man is a social animal ('Psychologi
Page 273 and 274:
these feelings and services are by
Page 275 and 276:
would acquire exactly the same mora
Page 277 and 278:
tain stronger or more enduring inst
Page 279 and 280:
first discovers an enemy, warns the
Page 281 and 282:
drive away a third stallion from a
Page 283 and 284:
they actually sympathise in the pai
Page 285 and 286:
his companions. Mr. Blyth, as he in
Page 287 and 288:
to escape, after, as the surgeon th
Page 289 and 290:
teach him silence and obedience. Mr
Page 291 and 292:
than a thousand miles, could have f
Page 293 and 294:
duals which took the greatest pleas
Page 295 and 296:
Bain's Mental and Moral Science,' 1
Page 297 and 298:
It is, however, impossible to decid
Page 299 and 300:
east against the wires of her cage,
Page 301 and 302:
of the year during the whole day, m
Page 303 and 304:
same manner as with the lower anima
Page 305 and 306:
judgment of his fellow-men, and unf
Page 307 and 308:
y the same instinctive motive, whic
Page 309 and 310:
their comrades; and surely their co
Page 311 and 312:
actions, yet it is untenable, that
Page 313 and 314:
felt except in the presence of dang
Page 315 and 316:
pressions of past hunger, vengeance
Page 317 and 318:
will surely come. He will then feel
Page 319 and 320:
een stirred to the bottom of his so
Page 321 and 322:
hesitation." (29. E.B. Tylor, in 'C
Page 323 and 324:
he has no such sympathy, and if his
Page 325 and 326:
tant. But they are practised almost
Page 327 and 328:
that an Indian Thug conscientiously
Page 329 and 330:
to your enemy has rarely been thoug
Page 331 and 332:
unmarried females. How slowly it sp
Page 333 and 334:
I have entered into the above detai
Page 335 and 336:
the two do not easily co-exist in t
Page 337 and 338:
and to take as the standard of mora
Page 339 and 340:
influence in the burning sense of s
Page 341 and 342:
supported as they are by reason, sh
Page 343 and 344:
spreads through instruction and exa
Page 345 and 346:
are likewise transmitted. That the
Page 347 and 348:
some feeling of sympathy, and have
Page 349 and 350:
to the feelings caused by other pow
Page 351 and 352:
sounds had never crossed their mind
Page 353 and 354:
Marcus Aurelius,' etc., p. 139.)—
Page 355 and 356:
difications through natural selecti
Page 357 and 358:
er of offspring. The tribes, which
Page 359 and 360:
tedly it would be interesting to tr
Page 361 and 362:
ed was found to be valuable, the de
Page 363 and 364:
course of time it would, judging fr
Page 365 and 366:
nevolent actions. Habits, moreover,
Page 367 and 368:
We may therefore conclude that prim
Page 369 and 370:
morality will certainly give an imm
Page 371 and 372:
Fuego, it struck me that the posses
Page 373 and 374:
a vigorous state of health. We civi
Page 375 and 376:
In every country in which a large s
Page 377 and 378:
doubt wealth when very great tends
Page 379 and 380:
ges. (13. Quatrefages, 'Revue des C
Page 381 and 382:
higher degree by their works than b
Page 383 and 384:
men rarely marry; both suffer from
Page 385 and 386:
in comfort. Those who marry early p
Page 387 and 388:
towns than in rural districts, "and
Page 389 and 390:
Report of Births, Deaths, etc., in
Page 391 and 392:
moral qualities. (25. Dr. Duncan re
Page 393 and 394:
mind and body. But development of a
Page 395 and 396:
them. In Spain alone some of the be
Page 397 and 398:
Natural selection follows from the
Page 399 and 400:
causes of progress seem to consist
Page 401 and 402:
Botocudos, who inhabit the finest p
Page 403 and 404:
Testament.") and not admit that alm
Page 405 and 406:
eady become somewhat advanced. Look
Page 407 and 408:
Even if it be granted that the diff
Page 409 and 410:
kingdom. (1. Isidore Geoffroy St.-H
Page 411 and 412:
slaves. They move the eggs of their
Page 413 and 414:
vol. ii. 1840, p. 87.) Classificati
Page 415 and 416:
We can further see why a great amou
Page 417 and 418:
apparently follow from their differ
Page 419 and 420:
as well as by various drugs, and ot
Page 421 and 422:
Richtung der Haare,' etc., Muller's
Page 423 and 424:
It would, however, be rash to trust
Page 425 and 426:
Although, as we have now seen, man
Page 427 and 428:
tion of the Simiadae. This family i
Page 429 and 430:
the brain, does not admit the exist
Page 431 and 432:
and Platyrrhine monkeys, with their
Page 433 and 434:
1868, s. 61. Also his 'Naturliche S
Page 435 and 436:
We are far from knowing how long ag
Page 437 and 438:
hous apes, as Professor Schaaffhaus
Page 439 and 440:
Most of the remnants survive on isl
Page 441 and 442:
eason to believe, that no true bird
Page 443 and 444:
evidently a widely-diffused remnant
Page 445 and 446:
the satisfaction of seeing, in Apri
Page 447 and 448:
then be justified in believing that
Page 449 and 450:
period the uterus was double; the e
Page 451 and 452:
counter a singular difficulty. In t
Page 453 and 454:
The possession by male mammals of f
Page 455 and 456:
and in the case of the Marsupials,
Page 457 and 458:
sionally to become so well develope
Page 459 and 460:
great kingdom of the Vertebrata it
Page 461 and 462:
in two weeks; those of the fowl in
Page 463 and 464:
quality. The world, it has often be
Page 465 and 466:
alists are practically guided by th
Page 467 and 468:
etween the races, we must make some
Page 469 and 470:
tions of the brain. (3. See, for in
Page 471 and 472:
tian caves of Abou-Simbel, M. Pouch
Page 473 and 474:
low temperature, or any considerabl
Page 475 and 476:
is, whether any of them are descend
Page 477 and 478:
e whether the races of men, when cr
Page 479 and 480:
and mulattoes, have a maxim that mu
Page 481 and 482:
laws, for instance, that of the une
Page 483 and 484:
e produced at the rarest intervals.
Page 485 and 486:
completely black or completely whit
Page 487 and 488:
dians, and Europeans; and judging f
Page 489 and 490:
But the most weighty of all the arg
Page 491 and 492:
those forms which at present appear
Page 493 and 494:
The question whether mankind consis
Page 495 and 496:
her all the domestic races of the d
Page 497 and 498:
ner with the improved breeds of cat
Page 499 and 500:
plainly retained, in certain bones
Page 501 and 502:
gesture-language, by the same expre
Page 503 and 504:
The same argument may be applied wi
Page 505 and 506:
in any extreme degree to those poss
Page 507 and 508:
With our domestic animals a new rac
Page 509 and 510:
speak a word of the language of a l
Page 511 and 512:
down the numbers of each savage tri
Page 513 and 514:
extinction, believed that changed h
Page 515 and 516:
who were in 1832 transported to Fli
Page 517 and 518:
Similar facts have been observed in
Page 519 and 520:
unproductiveness of the women, and
Page 521 and 522:
ious places, in order to be educate
Page 523 and 524:
ding to Dr. Ruschenberger of the U.
Page 525 and 526:
the natives, and they soon became "
Page 527 and 528:
tants of the Valley of Nepal, which
Page 529 and 530:
aborigines of islands have suffered
Page 531 and 532:
many years together in their own co
Page 533 and 534:
We can see why it is that aborigine
Page 535 and 536:
y the House of Commons, May 29, 186
Page 537 and 538:
certain the precise causes and thei
Page 539 and 540:
But as with our domesticated animal
Page 541 and 542:
posed to be more influential in mod
Page 543 and 544:
negro seems to be partly inherent,
Page 545 and 546:
improbable. Consequently I endeavou
Page 547 and 548:
late Dr. Daniell, who had long live
Page 549 and 550:
ed by a medical man, that some year
Page 551 and 552:
cording to the position of the vall
Page 553 and 554:
the Fuegians on board the "Beagle"
Page 555 and 556:
e of the Mandans, about one in ten
Page 557 and 558:
morphic, which have remained extrem
Page 559 and 560:
NOTE ON THE RESEMBLANCES AND DIFFER
Page 561 and 562:
B. x. 1868.) on the cerebral convol
Page 563 and 564:
ule, in man, the temporo-occipital
Page 565 and 566:
paper on this subject the latter wr
Page 567 and 568:
1862.); and more or less obliterate
Page 569 and 570: In the paper to which I have referr
Page 571 and 572: This statement was a strictly accur
Page 573 and 574: mitting the similarity between the
Page 575 and 576: giques de Gratiolet' ('Mem. de la S
Page 577 and 578: made the subject of renewed investi
Page 579 and 580: pal sulci of the frontal, parietal,
Page 581 and 582: with no sulci but the sylvian and t
Page 583 and 584: excellent author of one of the most
Page 585 and 586: several forms of inheritance—Caus
Page 587 and 588: here concern us. There are, however
Page 589 and 590: are generally confined to the lower
Page 591 and 592: find the female, he requires organs
Page 593 and 594: locomotive organs more highly devel
Page 595 and 596: vocal or instrumental music—and t
Page 597 and 598: state of nature, have by a long sel
Page 599 and 600: Mr. Swaysland of Brighton has been
Page 601 and 602: young—a period which must be dete
Page 603 and 604: former, there can be little doubt,
Page 605 and 606: so simple and short an affair as mi
Page 607 and 608: NUMERICAL PROPORTION OF THE TWO SEX
Page 609 and 610: ment of doubt; for it is a well-asc
Page 611 and 612: to lead to effective sexual selecti
Page 613 and 614: We will first briefly run through t
Page 615 and 616: is polygamous, but, except in his g
Page 617 and 618: far as I can learn, the sexes rarel
Page 619: differences, are polygamous, but Mr
Page 623 and 624: females, which must pair with the l
Page 625 and 626: apparently of Batrachians. Througho
Page 627 and 628: paratively passive, generally exert
Page 629 and 630: should retain the same habit; and t
Page 631 and 632: dings of the Royal Society,' vol. x
Page 633 and 634: very many instances widely differen
Page 635 and 636: tion. Nevertheless, they may become
Page 637 and 638: males, and the latter the more attr
Page 639 and 640: al selection for the sake of protec
Page 641 and 642: certain stags—has been carried to
Page 643 and 644: hackles, comb, spurs, voice, and ev
Page 645 and 646: developed atoms, which are transmit
Page 647 and 648: feather is transversely marked by n
Page 649 and 650: change the colour of the coat durin
Page 651 and 652: in the English Carrier pigeon, and
Page 653 and 654: There is one difficult question whi
Page 655 and 656: markable how very closely he sugges
Page 657 and 658: fer much in constitution before the
Page 659 and 660: acters of the adults must have been
Page 661 and 662: the roebuck, to ten, twelve or even
Page 663 and 664: horns of the female: see also his p
Page 665 and 666: veloped later in life in this breed
Page 667 and 668: in the common peacock; but M. Hegt
Page 669 and 670: which the characters follow our two
Page 671 and 672:
pear late in life in one sex are tr
Page 673 and 674:
the class previously alluded to, in
Page 675 and 676:
laced plumage of the Sebright banta
Page 677 and 678:
the reindeer, in which both sexes b
Page 679 and 680:
either or both sexes have been affe
Page 681 and 682:
y acquiring structures, such as gre
Page 683 and 684:
have not frequently been accumulate
Page 685 and 686:
As no one, as far as I can discover
Page 687 and 688:
the female births have exceeded the
Page 689 and 690:
ce to show that, at almost every st
Page 691 and 692:
It seems at first sight a mysteriou
Page 693 and 694:
important though not the sole facto
Page 695 and 696:
failed to produce offspring. During
Page 697 and 698:
lieve that females are produced in
Page 699 and 700:
as well as some of the following re
Page 701 and 702:
females: the natives believe that t
Page 703 and 704:
Sweden,' 1867, pp. 12, 132.), that
Page 705 and 706:
one. It should, however, be borne i
Page 707 and 708:
Infertile females might readily be
Page 709 and 710:
than flight." He then adds, that by
Page 711 and 712:
nion appears to be that the sexes a
Page 713 and 714:
in number; but three South African
Page 715 and 716:
ed from the eggs and caterpillars a
Page 717 and 718:
maturity, when the sexes are ready
Page 719 and 720:
or varieties of moths (Heterocera)
Page 721 and 722:
number, whatever the proportions ma
Page 723 and 724:
les, and "two or three are often fo
Page 725 and 726:
exceeded the females in number; in
Page 727 and 728:
and thus we see how ignorant we are
Page 729 and 730:
males; but he suggests that this pr
Page 731 and 732:
nious manner. "Let us for the purpo
Page 733 and 734:
monstratively fixed, it is quite cl
Page 735 and 736:
servations apply to the whole archi
Page 737 and 738:
and kept from the use of spirits. H
Page 739 and 740:
From the several foregoing cases we
Page 741 and 742:
oons, it is conceivable that a male
Page 743 and 744:
acquired before maturity—Spiders,
Page 745 and 746:
condition of others, and the low me
Page 747 and 748:
devourers that they are distasteful
Page 749 and 750:
the Molluscoida of some authors), f
Page 751 and 752:
strong and healthy individual disap
Page 753 and 754:
influential to a certain extent; fo
Page 755 and 756:
organised creatures this is extreme
Page 757 and 758:
ting a partner, or for the individu
Page 759 and 760:
the number of the smelling-threads,
Page 761 and 762:
chelae of the male. N.B.—The arti
Page 763 and 764:
cording to a statement quoted by Mi
Page 765 and 766:
certainly suffice to hold the femal
Page 767 and 768:
fe. This fact shews that in the Amp
Page 769 and 770:
sexes of the higher animals so ofte
Page 771 and 772:
the larger size of their chelae. In
Page 773 and 774:
ordinary coloration of the genus to
Page 775 and 776:
each other in the size and length o
Page 777 and 778:
and too small for her to catch with
Page 779 and 780:
legs belonging either to one of the
Page 781 and 782:
213.) The ocelli are absent in the
Page 783 and 784:
hed, so that he is thus enabled to
Page 785 and 786:
the male of Crabro cribrarius (Fig.
Page 787 and 788:
ation (10. E. Doubleday, 'Annals an
Page 789 and 790:
mals, we can understand why she has
Page 791 and 792:
create a large number of offspring
Page 793 and 794:
ger than the females. The explanati
Page 795 and 796:
quite black, and the females obscur
Page 797 and 798:
33) that, "the captured flies utter
Page 799 and 800:
ORDER: HOMOPTERA. Every one who has
Page 801 and 802:
temdecim,' by Dr. Hartman.), "the d
Page 803 and 804:
unmusical even to the human ear, so
Page 805 and 806:
d'Anat. Comp.' (French translat.),
Page 807 and 808:
Coleoptera. But Dr. Gruber further
Page 809 and 810:
wing-cover, which underlies the oth
Page 811 and 812:
In the last and third family, namel
Page 813 and 814:
Cape of Good Hope these insects mak
Page 815 and 816:
yed by the Homoptera. (43. Landois
Page 817 and 818:
p. 427; for crickets, p. 445.) With
Page 819 and 820:
with splendid green, blue, yellow,
Page 821 and 822:
sub-families, the males on first em
Page 823 and 824:
mes two chasing one female, and con
Page 825 and 826:
In this Order slight differences in
Page 827 and 828:
for the possession of the females;
Page 829 and 830:
worker-bees is a much more difficul
Page 831 and 832:
some degree probable in those group
Page 833 and 834:
one species both are of a beautiful
Page 835 and 836:
genus Onthophagus, there are specie
Page 837 and 838:
espect amongst well-developed indiv
Page 839 and 840:
projection in the same situation. S
Page 841 and 842:
species of Bledius (Fig. 23), also
Page 843 and 844:
187.) enclosed two males with one f
Page 845 and 846:
provided or degenerate males. Altho
Page 847 and 848:
tance of several feet or even yards
Page 849 and 850:
indebted to Mr. E.W. Janson, for in
Page 851 and 852:
[Fig.26. Hind-leg of Geotrupes ster
Page 853 and 854:
that from the noise thus produced b
Page 855 and 856:
me number of females; in order, the
Page 857 and 858:
ut the chief difference is that the
Page 859 and 860:
devour a large beetle, would be fri
Page 861 and 862:
illiant in the males—Examples—N
Page 863 and 864:
The Ageronia feronia makes a noise
Page 865 and 866:
Every one must have admired the ext
Page 867 and 868:
don,' 1869, p. 278.) In nine of the
Page 869 and 870:
sexes. In a few species, for instan
Page 871 and 872:
the species belongs. Hence in most
Page 873 and 874:
follow exactly the same habits of l
Page 875 and 876:
in which the sexes differ greatly i
Page 877 and 878:
As Mr. Walsh has remarked to me, th
Page 879 and 880:
mies; nevertheless, as the hind-win
Page 881 and 882:
The bright colours of many butterfl
Page 883 and 884:
than the lower. Hence the lower sur
Page 885 and 886:
"holding their wings quite erect ov
Page 887 and 888:
fully explained. The white female o
Page 889 and 890:
We know that ants and certain Lamel
Page 891 and 892:
other band, the females habitually,
Page 893 and 894:
I have as yet only referred to the
Page 895 and 896:
it is the females which "are orname
Page 897 and 898:
least gaudy. The male of Papilio se
Page 899 and 900:
sexes, though arising and perfected
Page 901 and 902:
elieves that the difference between
Page 903 and 904:
they would tend to counteract each
Page 905 and 906:
orange wing-tips of the male; conse
Page 907 and 908:
Soc.' vol. xxiii. 1862, p. 495.), w
Page 909 and 910:
valuable, as Mr. Riley here discuss
Page 911 and 912:
mitted to, and developed in, the ma
Page 913 and 914:
length, transversely banded with bl
Page 915 and 916:
p. lxxx.) it was supported by vario
Page 917 and 918:
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING RE- MARKS ON
Page 919 and 920:
make the loudest or most continuous
Page 921 and 922:
tected species inhabiting the same
Page 923 and 924:
the more ornamented, and departs mo
Page 925 and 926:
the Coleoptera, however, as before
Page 927 and 928:
ed, in all these respects between b
Page 929 and 930:
upper outer surface of their pector
Page 931 and 932:
her hiding-place and surveys the ne
Page 933 and 934:
and many so injure each other as to
Page 935 and 936:
projection, and the teeth grow into
Page 937 and 938:
tish Fishes,' vol. ii. 1836, p. 416
Page 939 and 940:
cal fishes differ sexually in colou
Page 941 and 942:
ightest, to conceive the admixture
Page 943 and 944:
In a siluroid fish, inhabiting the
Page 945 and 946:
ny of the Chromidae, for instance i
Page 947 and 948:
and iridescent. (24. 'The American
Page 949 and 950:
myriad ova with which they are lade
Page 951 and 952:
To return to our more immediate sub
Page 953 and 954:
animals, splendid colours may be th
Page 955 and 956:
they were thus rendered highly cons
Page 957 and 958:
tain fishes, moreover, can through
Page 959 and 960:
Certain fishes, belonging to severa
Page 961 and 962:
the spawning-season than at any oth
Page 963 and 964:
ather brighter than the females. Th
Page 965 and 966:
the same sex, and accumulated throu
Page 967 and 968:
May 1870, p. 40.) From this stateme
Page 969 and 970:
ted, though lurid tints, and these
Page 971 and 972:
that as soon as he saw its happy se
Page 973 and 974:
to sit in the evening to listen to
Page 975 and 976:
than the females: during the pairin
Page 977 and 978:
snakes of N. America, the male of w
Page 979 and 980:
They are not known to fight togethe
Page 981 and 982:
of the first coral- snake which I s
Page 983 and 984:
that the rattle may not be of use t
Page 985 and 986:
[Fig.33. Sitana minor. Male with th
Page 987 and 988:
likewise have a low crest running a
Page 989 and 990:
Fig. 36. Chamaeleo Owenii. Upper fi
Page 991 and 992:
labris there is a still greater dif
Page 993 and 994:
played almost as important a part w
Page 995 and 996:
during the summer months is confine
Page 997 and 998:
y Mr. J. Jenner Weir that the bird-
Page 999 and 1000:
'Natural History of Ireland: Birds,
Page 1001 and 1002:
ta); and where these fights have oc
Page 1003 and 1004:
namely spurs, which can be used wit
Page 1005 and 1006:
have fought; and the black-cocks "m
Page 1007 and 1008:
has been seen with five spurs. The
Page 1009 and 1010:
s. 740. See also on this bird Azara
Page 1011 and 1012:
ious other birds, they are generall
Page 1013 and 1014:
me more brilliant during the breedi
Page 1015 and 1016:
sing noise made by some nestling-bi
Page 1017 and 1018:
irds during his whole life, asserts
Page 1019 and 1020:
is clear, for a sterile, hybrid can
Page 1021 and 1022:
has also been argued, that the song
Page 1023 and 1024:
'Todd's Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and
Page 1025 and 1026:
In some birds the vocal organs diff
Page 1027 and 1028:
hold water, but is connected with t
Page 1029 and 1030:
is furnished with an additional pai
Page 1031 and 1032:
lack-cock certainly serves as a cal
Page 1033 and 1034:
directly to the place where the mal
Page 1035 and 1036:
Grouse, Richardson, 'Fauna Bor. Ame
Page 1037 and 1038:
webs being strongly bound together.
Page 1039 and 1040:
known to make a humming noise whils
Page 1041 and 1042:
Sclater, in 'Proceedings, Zoologica
Page 1043 and 1044:
the raw meat and reeking liver take
Page 1045 and 1046:
y summons," and when they approach
Page 1047 and 1048:
tain Stokes has described the habit
Page 1049 and 1050:
they often swell and assume vivid t
Page 1051 and 1052:
sexual selection of these ornamenta
Page 1053 and 1054:
hers of this kind occur in the tail
Page 1055 and 1056:
consequently tending to vary in the
Page 1057 and 1058:
ald, "and of a rich cobalt blue, cr
Page 1059 and 1060:
very rare colour in terrestrial spe
Page 1061 and 1062:
ing this period on the head of the
Page 1063 and 1064:
Fourthly, there are birds the sexes
Page 1065 and 1066:
fluence on any other characters; an
Page 1067 and 1068:
(81. On the moulting of the ptarmig
Page 1069 and 1070:
undergo a double moult, keep their
Page 1071 and 1072:
with some proper to the female; and
Page 1073 and 1074:
cal Biography,' vol. i. pp. 174, 22
Page 1075 and 1076:
trains, and strutting about in all
Page 1077 and 1078:
finement in the Malay Archipelago,
Page 1079 and 1080:
attitude the ocelli over the whole
Page 1081 and 1082:
The ocelli on the wing-feathers are
Page 1083 and 1084:
dary feathers, when they are all ex
Page 1085 and 1086:
also, finds that all male birds wit
Page 1087 and 1088:
once than otherwise would be the ca
Page 1089 and 1090:
Gould's 'Handbook to the Birds of A
Page 1091 and 1092:
when we see a peacock strutting abo
Page 1093 and 1094:
'Nat. Hist. Lib.: Birds,' vol. xiv.
Page 1095 and 1096:
CHAPTER XIV. BIRDS—continued. Cho
Page 1097 and 1098:
LENGTH OF COURTSHIP. The lengthened
Page 1099 and 1100:
they may be seen running about "lik
Page 1101 and 1102:
owers of the Bower- birds are the r
Page 1103 and 1104:
suspect, improbable as this will at
Page 1105 and 1106:
it probable that most of them were
Page 1107 and 1108:
mate, and so for several times foll
Page 1109 and 1110:
irds, are always seen during the sp
Page 1111 and 1112:
the authority of the Hon. and Rev.
Page 1113 and 1114:
sion. (9. I am indebted to Prof. Ne
Page 1115 and 1116:
homes after an interval of nine mon
Page 1117 and 1118:
as is proved by the strong and perm
Page 1119 and 1120:
lack- headed. This bullfinch was a
Page 1121 and 1122:
Mr. Gould states that certain hummi
Page 1123 and 1124:
vered;" and the taste, as we see, o
Page 1125 and 1126:
230. Mr. J. Jenner Weir has lately
Page 1127 and 1128:
dishments, for they nested and prod
Page 1129 and 1130:
United States and observing the bir
Page 1131 and 1132:
Turning now to domesticated and con
Page 1133 and 1134:
There is reason to believe that pig
Page 1135 and 1136:
(23. Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeo
Page 1137 and 1138:
y Mr. Sclater as a distinct species
Page 1139 and 1140:
Female birds not only exert a choic
Page 1141 and 1142:
prefers the younger to the older he
Page 1143 and 1144:
ornaments the males with rare excep
Page 1145 and 1146:
differ fundamentally from ours. Fro
Page 1147 and 1148:
can forms which until lately were n
Page 1149 and 1150:
sexes, or a greater effect on one s
Page 1151 and 1152:
does not appear that intermediate g
Page 1153 and 1154:
Macgillivray, 'History of British B
Page 1155 and 1156:
to vary, both with animals in a sta
Page 1157 and 1158:
eyes have been preserved or augment
Page 1159 and 1160:
eeds of the fowl. In all the breeds
Page 1161 and 1162:
cases we have feathers symmetricall
Page 1163 and 1164:
eptiles and fishes, on the skin of
Page 1165 and 1166:
engraved from a beautiful drawing,
Page 1167 and 1168:
differently coloured fowls, and the
Page 1169 and 1170:
lue, indented centre, surrounded by
Page 1171 and 1172:
y Mr. Bartlett that they resemble t
Page 1173 and 1174:
fered fundamentally from those of t
Page 1175 and 1176:
satisfaction, this appeared to be s
Page 1177 and 1178:
cock. Many female progenitors of th
Page 1179 and 1180:
Fig.59. Portion of one of the secon
Page 1181 and 1182:
shades off downwards into a pale-le
Page 1183 and 1184:
and might easily be overlooked. The
Page 1185 and 1186:
the lower side with a fulvous tint.
Page 1187 and 1188:
tic ornament (b, Fig. 59). The uppe
Page 1189 and 1190:
parts of the ball can be perceived,
Page 1191 and 1192:
to account for the imperfect condit
Page 1193 and 1194:
dified through natural selection fo
Page 1195 and 1196:
ied on until the wonderful ball-and
Page 1197 and 1198:
feathers of humming-birds differ, w
Page 1199 and 1200:
space than all the rest of the bird
Page 1201 and 1202:
the conspicuous black colour of the
Page 1203 and 1204:
do would be to persevere in selecti
Page 1205 and 1206:
sed with the male common pheasant,
Page 1207 and 1208:
striae. So again Mr. Tegetmeier has
Page 1209 and 1210:
The same process would have to be f
Page 1211 and 1212:
form of transmission into the other
Page 1213 and 1214:
mind the reader that if sexually-li
Page 1215 and 1216:
courtship, the males alone would ac
Page 1217 and 1218:
gued that the females had aborigina
Page 1219 and 1220:
from inheriting them, on account of
Page 1221 and 1222:
tails of considerable length. The f
Page 1223 and 1224:
having been from the first transmit
Page 1225 and 1226:
contrast of colour between the sexe
Page 1227 and 1228:
themselves; that those of the secon
Page 1229 and 1230:
injured, than during cool, cloudy,
Page 1231 and 1232:
of the above forty birds the female
Page 1233 and 1234:
in equally well-concealed spots, bu
Page 1235 and 1236:
the natural selection of so-called
Page 1237 and 1238:
occasionally in a considerable degr
Page 1239 and 1240:
that here the tail differs in colou
Page 1241 and 1242:
strengthened by what Malherbe state
Page 1243 and 1244:
etween the sexes of the same specie
Page 1245 and 1246:
group will not surprise any one who
Page 1247 and 1248:
cases. In like manner the same form
Page 1249 and 1250:
feathers; and does not completely a
Page 1251 and 1252:
given by Mr. R. Sharpe, 'Proceeding
Page 1253 and 1254:
or the males alone, become extremel
Page 1255 and 1256:
of the equal transmission of charac
Page 1257 and 1258:
can be maintained with confidence,
Page 1259 and 1260:
(Emberiza) resemble one another, an
Page 1261 and 1262:
immature plumage approximately shew
Page 1263 and 1264:
I. When the adult male is more beau
Page 1265 and 1266:
it will suffice to call to mind the
Page 1267 and 1268:
ear-tufts, but the female is remark
Page 1269 and 1270:
y some remarkable facts recorded by
Page 1271 and 1272:
winter and summer, nearly the same
Page 1273 and 1274:
tions to which they will almost alw
Page 1275 and 1276:
white, whilst the female P. apoda i
Page 1277 and 1278:
with the peacock, pheasant, and fow
Page 1279 and 1280:
former period. But since this perio
Page 1281 and 1282:
tion, before given, is possible; na
Page 1283 and 1284:
protection; and it is possible that
Page 1285 and 1286:
ptarmigans, whilst changing from th
Page 1287 and 1288:
discover, of species with the femal
Page 1289 and 1290:
WHEN THE ADULT FEMALE IS MORE CONSP
Page 1291 and 1292:
the males are often kept by the nat
Page 1293 and 1294:
widely different in closely-allied
Page 1295 and 1296:
comparison is somewhat difficult to
Page 1297 and 1298:
llent account of the habits of this
Page 1299 and 1300:
teris and night-jar (Eurostopodus),
Page 1301 and 1302:
exposed to danger whilst sitting on
Page 1303 and 1304:
WHEN THE ADULT MALE RESEMBLES THE A
Page 1305 and 1306:
WHEN THE ADULT MALE RESEMBLES THE A
Page 1307 and 1308:
tection; so that they have probably
Page 1309 and 1310:
and all ages. But these characters
Page 1311 and 1312:
and the young of the sparrow of Pal
Page 1313 and 1314:
e distinguished from the female whe
Page 1315 and 1316:
placed by coloured ones. (36. Mr. B
Page 1317 and 1318:
les. But we have no reason to suppo
Page 1319 and 1320:
chives Neerlandaises,' tom. vi. 187
Page 1321 and 1322:
of N. America, Fringilla tristis, L
Page 1323 and 1324:
egard to the young differing greatl
Page 1325 and 1326:
CLASS VI. THE YOUNG IN THEIR FIRST
Page 1327 and 1328:
in the present class is that the ma
Page 1329 and 1330:
In considering this last case, if a
Page 1331 and 1332:
have occurred at different periods
Page 1333 and 1334:
confined to the females, have been
Page 1335 and 1336:
statement is too strong.) Calling t
Page 1337 and 1338:
they would have been much more cons
Page 1339 and 1340:
cailzie, blackcock, black scoter-du
Page 1341 and 1342:
Belt believes ('The Naturalist in N
Page 1343 and 1344:
tial character, for it is developed
Page 1345 and 1346:
when it discovers and flies down to
Page 1347 and 1348:
ted tail-feathers or elongated cres
Page 1349 and 1350:
progenitors of these two species, w
Page 1351 and 1352:
not endure for ever, as we may infe
Page 1353 and 1354:
fied means for producing various so
Page 1355 and 1356:
differ, the males differ much more
Page 1357 and 1358:
ornament, for producing various sou
Page 1359 and 1360:
loured, by the selection of success
Page 1361 and 1362:
iod of reproduction arrives; conseq
Page 1363 and 1364:
for having looked over these four c
Page 1365 and 1366:
ved the same fact with the hides of
Page 1367 and 1368:
dants, degenerated in size but not
Page 1369 and 1370:
jaw, or in both, are much larger in
Page 1371 and 1372:
secretion from the gland is not poi
Page 1373 and 1374:
thinner, and less branched than in
Page 1375 and 1376:
log. Generale,' 1841, p. 513. Other
Page 1377 and 1378:
the horns of the female Ant. euchor
Page 1379 and 1380:
fixed character in the females than
Page 1381 and 1382:
well as the possession of horns by
Page 1383 and 1384:
peculiar shape as in the female, bu
Page 1385 and 1386:
ce of tusks in some female walruses
Page 1387 and 1388:
"make a cut down and a jerk up, wit
Page 1389 and 1390:
[Fig. 63. Oryx leucoryx, male (from
Page 1391 and 1392:
a little backwards, he would be com
Page 1393 and 1394:
comes to the conclusion that their
Page 1395 and 1396:
[Fig. 64. Strepsiceros Kudu (from S
Page 1397 and 1398:
forward from the brow, and terminat
Page 1399 and 1400:
Male quadrupeds, which are furnishe
Page 1401 and 1402:
horns, and they rarely have canine
Page 1403 and 1404:
Tennent, 'Ceylon,' 1859, vol. ii. p
Page 1405 and 1406:
With mammals, when, as is often the
Page 1407 and 1408:
variations in strength, size, and c
Page 1409 and 1410:
half ounces, and at the age of six
Page 1411 and 1412:
Scotch deer-hound may probably be a
Page 1413 and 1414:
pons, like those of the European bo
Page 1415 and 1416:
certain extent used for this purpos
Page 1417 and 1418:
to which he is liable; for the male
Page 1419 and 1420:
Judge Caton that he had never obser
Page 1421 and 1422:
generally, or at least often, exert
Page 1423 and 1424:
of harems is nearly full. Then the
Page 1425 and 1426:
ted by Alex. Walker, 'On Intermarri
Page 1427 and 1428:
preference for each other. Finally,
Page 1429 and 1430:
strong individual antipathies and p
Page 1431 and 1432:
dies (2. Ibid. p. 595.)) of stags p
Page 1433 and 1434:
habits of other male quadrupeds. Th
Page 1435 and 1436:
History of Mamm. Animals,' 1841, p.
Page 1437 and 1438:
females. In another allied kind of
Page 1439 and 1440:
the castoreum of the beaver, see Mr
Page 1441 and 1442:
These glands secrete a semi-fluid f
Page 1443 and 1444:
sing the voice of the stag, we may
Page 1445 and 1446:
of the above-named antelopes, the P
Page 1447 and 1448:
neck, which is much less developed
Page 1449 and 1450:
that any character, even with anima
Page 1451 and 1452:
I will first give briefly all the c
Page 1453 and 1454:
Gray states, "that the males are or
Page 1455 and 1456:
With Ruminants sexual differences o
Page 1457 and 1458:
In the Indian black-buck (A. bezoar
Page 1459 and 1460:
ker than in the female; but during
Page 1461 and 1462:
nus; the young of the former, and I
Page 1463 and 1464:
male not only by his immense mane,
Page 1465 and 1466:
and differs from the young of both
Page 1467 and 1468:
ted in their transmission. Neverthe
Page 1469 and 1470:
In an earlier chapter we have seen
Page 1471 and 1472:
emasculated at an early period, los
Page 1473 and 1474:
esemblance. The hare on her form is
Page 1475 and 1476:
ed cats in his house. Such cats, as
Page 1477 and 1478:
curiously-ornamented Tragelaphus sc
Page 1479 and 1480:
guished by colour, even by the deal
Page 1481 and 1482:
the female), to species in which ne
Page 1483 and 1484:
form linking together two groups, f
Page 1485 and 1486:
stripes on the shoulders and even o
Page 1487 and 1488:
Before we conclude, it will be well
Page 1489 and 1490:
cheek. The appearance of Cercocebus
Page 1491 and 1492:
pearance and bright colours. The Se
Page 1493 and 1494:
y of Mammalia,' 1841, p. 460; see a
Page 1495 and 1496:
cases to be merely ornamental, thou
Page 1497 and 1498:
The law of the equal transmission o
Page 1499 and 1500:
mana, but not so great as in some,
Page 1501 and 1502:
character. She comes to maturity at
Page 1503 and 1504:
tions have been made in other parts
Page 1505 and 1506:
etween man and the Quadrumana, for
Page 1507 and 1508:
instance with the Aymaras and Quich
Page 1509 and 1510:
arms, in various races; and nearly
Page 1511 and 1512:
lay Arch.' vol. ii. 1869, p. 178.)
Page 1513 and 1514:
hair, and in the general shape of t
Page 1515 and 1516:
to whom they are attached; and, of
Page 1517 and 1518:
ultimately have been obliterated. T
Page 1519 and 1520:
With respect to differences of this
Page 1521 and 1522:
names under each subject, the two l
Page 1523 and 1524:
jection of Women,' 1869, p. 122), "
Page 1525 and 1526:
early education of boys and girls w
Page 1527 and 1528:
herited this difference from his ea
Page 1529 and 1530:
The sounds produced by fishes are s
Page 1531 and 1532:
aya perhaps forms an exception, as
Page 1533 and 1534:
quently be prolonged to two or thre
Page 1535 and 1536:
that an old dog of his howls when B
Page 1537 and 1538:
produced during the season of court
Page 1539 and 1540:
arts of singing and of dancing are
Page 1541 and 1542:
tion of one useful power will bring
Page 1543 and 1544:
cadences and rhythm are instinctive
Page 1545 and 1546:
clusion to that at which I have arr
Page 1547 and 1548:
love, that we have no means of judg
Page 1549 and 1550:
525-545; all the following statemen
Page 1551 and 1552:
various tints. In different countri
Page 1553 and 1554:
and Africa even the eyebrows and ey
Page 1555 and 1556:
her four front teeth from the lower
Page 1557 and 1558:
persuade some girls to give up the
Page 1559 and 1560:
maintained that savages are quite i
Page 1561 and 1562:
enormous ears"(57. Quoted by Pricha
Page 1563 and 1564:
illustrissimus viator dixit mihi pr
Page 1565 and 1566:
The Banyai of the more southern par
Page 1567 and 1568:
(62. For the Javans and Cochin-Chin
Page 1569 and 1570:
It is remarkable that throughout th
Page 1571 and 1572:
in regard to the Polynesians, in 'A
Page 1573 and 1574:
lue eyes with aversion, and they th
Page 1575 and 1576:
increasing the apparent elevation o
Page 1577 and 1578:
her barbarous nations have generall
Page 1579 and 1580:
with respect to the human body. It
Page 1581 and 1582:
CHAPTER XX. SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARAC
Page 1583 and 1584:
marry into a much lower rank. The m
Page 1585 and 1586:
observable in the erees or nobles i
Page 1587 and 1588:
hardly be added that with all savag
Page 1589 and 1590:
valuable work on 'Primitive Marriag
Page 1591 and 1592:
The indirect evidence in favour of
Page 1593 and 1594:
into strict though temporary unions
Page 1595 and 1596:
Although the manner of development
Page 1597 and 1598:
cies of baboons. (9. Brehm ('Thierl
Page 1599 and 1600:
more lax nature than that of civili
Page 1601 and 1602:
etc., tom. ii. pp. 94, 116) enters
Page 1603 and 1604:
and would not have selected the mor
Page 1605 and 1606:
offspring to inherit their beauty t
Page 1607 and 1608:
At a very early period, before man
Page 1609 and 1610:
that was possible, would be reared;
Page 1611 and 1612:
or confirming their privilege." We
Page 1613 and 1614:
any wish or expectation on the part
Page 1615 and 1616:
having been the selected. We recogn
Page 1617 and 1618:
and perhaps some other characters,
Page 1619 and 1620:
assured that no instance occurs of
Page 1621 and 1622:
The Rev. J. Shooter, 'On the Kafirs
Page 1623 and 1624:
lower animals, namely, the greater
Page 1625 and 1626:
have seen the possibility of its se
Page 1627 and 1628:
has not been limited either by sex
Page 1629 and 1630:
influential in leading to this kind
Page 1631 and 1632:
eards equally developed in both sex
Page 1633 and 1634:
y hair from their faces as somethin
Page 1635 and 1636:
and with the American natives it no
Page 1637 and 1638:
The colour of the face differs much
Page 1639 and 1640:
that the females were modified in o
Page 1641 and 1642:
nose, the colour of the skin, the l
Page 1643 and 1644:
done, one path towards error is clo
Page 1645 and 1646:
descendant with other mammals of a
Page 1647 and 1648:
accounted for by any form of select
Page 1649 and 1650:
stage in the process of modificatio
Page 1651 and 1652:
the same individual, and with the m
Page 1653 and 1654:
has well remarked, the largeness of
Page 1655 and 1656:
and disapprobation of his fellows;
Page 1657 and 1658:
happiness, praise or blame is besto
Page 1659 and 1660:
not improbable that after long prac
Page 1661 and 1662:
man, as Sir J. Lubbock has shewn, p
Page 1663 and 1664:
what is still more important, their
Page 1665 and 1666:
throughout life. In almost every gr
Page 1667 and 1668:
through sexual selection in relatio
Page 1669 and 1670:
individuals of one sex were during
Page 1671 and 1672:
ding of the ball-and-socket ornamen
Page 1673 and 1674:
clusions at which I have arrived ar
Page 1675 and 1676:
in body or mind; but such hopes are
Page 1677 and 1678:
uted the social instincts, which af
Page 1679 and 1680:
as our reason permits us to discove
Page 1681 and 1682:
tions, which is well worthy of stud
Page 1683 and 1684:
Macacus rhesus and nemestrinus) act
Page 1685 and 1686:
days, "umdrehte und dem Mannchen mi
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the habit of congregating has been
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offspring of the former, although v
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The Descent of Man

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