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Literature Search WRAP 2A
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They chemically pretreated the resin wastes prior to solidification to
enhance immobilization. They achieved a 40 to 75% encapsulation ratio.
10. B. M. Rzyski and A. A. Suarez, "Setting Temperature Evolution of Nitrate
Radwaste Immobilized in Ordinary Portland Cement," Spectrum '88,
September 11-15, 1988, Pasco, WA, pp 112-114.
Nitrates change the"cement hydration reaction and lower the hydration
temperature.
ii. J. W. McConnell, Jr., R. M. Neilson, Jr., and R. D. Rogers, "Testing
Waste Forms Containing High Radionuclide Loadings," Waste Management
'86, Vol.1, Tucson, AZ, March 2-6, 1986, pp 259-266.
.
EPiCDR Il--resins from-T-,14I-2-were so3idi€ied with port,'and cement and Dow
Polymer ( vinyl ester-styrene). The waste forms were tested against NRC
(10-CFR-61) requirements, the Dow polymer was attacked by fungus;
otherwise all tests were positive.
- Il: T. F. Schuier and "u. L. Charlesworth, "Solidification of Radioactive
Incinerator Ash," Waste Management '86, Vol. 1, Tucson, AZ,
March 2-6, 1986, pp 489-493.
ASHCRETE. The ashcrete process uses an automatic tumbler mixer from
Stock Equipment Co. that adds ash waste to cement, sand and water to
form an ash concrete.
13. W. 0. Greenhalgh, "The Immobilization of Organic Liquid Wastes," Waste
Management '86, Vo1.3, Tucsor, AZ, March 2-6, 1986, pp 255-260.
Report described immobilization of organic liquids ( oil, NPN, etc.)
using cement in combination with emulsifiers.
-14.---ifi:-G-. towgil1,-"A Comparison of Solidification Media for the
Stabilization of Low-Level Radioactive Wastes," BNL-52304, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY, October 1991.
The document compares the solidification characteristics of Cement,
thermoplastic polymers, Thermosetting polymers, and Gypsum. The binding
of cesium and certain other elements is difficult for cement and gypsum;
flammability and incorporation of oxidizing agents are difficult with
the polymer media. A comparisvn-tabie is included.
15. R. L. Gay and L. F. Grantham, "High Strength Cementized Dried Resins,"
Waste Management '86, Vol. 3, March 2-6, 1986, Tucson, AZ, pp 479-483.
Chemically spent resins pretreated in a high efficiency drier were found
to be nearly impermeable to water and therefore formed satisfactory
products when solidified with cement. Swelling is often a problem
when -H and -OH type resins are solidified with cement.
16. --8.- Siskind-,- :i.-kt. .4dams,- 1. H. C.l-i-aton,- and P:1. Pici„1o, "The Effect
of Cure Cor,diti-0ns on the Stability-^f r ..O ... ^^ant ^.. Waste Forms after
inonersion in Water," Waste Management '88, Vol. 1, February 28 -
March 3, 1988, Tucson, AZ, pp 613-618.
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