A guide to leading practice sustainable development in mining

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Landform construction In general, erosion of constructed landforms on mine sites is dominated by gullying—a direct consequence of concentration of run-off by the berms and discharge of concentrated flows onto batter slopes once the berms fail. The reasons for berm failure include inaccurate construction, tunnel erosion and overtopping due to deposition of sediment. Where erosion rates remain significant (commonly in arid areas where surface vegetation cover is too low to provide erosion control) outer batter profiles that include berms will require regular maintenance (de-silting) as long as the erosion continues, or else they will fill with sediment and overtop, causing gullying. For this reason, some sites have adopted a practice of using berms or some form of across-slope bank during initial rehabilitation, then removing the berms once vegetation has established and stabilised the slope. Other sites have incorporated rock into the surface of outer batter slopes to reduce erosion potential and enable them to construct relatively long, high, slopes without berms. Another option is to create concave slope profiles to reduce erosion potential; usually by a factor of two or three. To develop a new approach to waste dump construction, the Murrin Murrin nickel mine had the erodibility of a range of wastes and topsoils assessed using both laboratory and field measurements. Using that data and long-term rainfall and climate data for the site, computer simulations of run-off and erosion were used to compare a range of options for outer batter slopes. Concave slope profiles were developed that had relatively low erosion risk, though addition of tree debris and laterite gravel was recommended for segments of the slope that the simulations showed to have highest erosion potential (see LP Monitoring p.45). Figure 5.26 – Concave waste dump slope at Murrin Murrin Surface roughness is an important consideration in rehabilitation of mine site landforms. Roughness tends to trap water and seed, and there is general acceptance that a rough surface will provide better vegetation establishment than a smooth one. However, while the creation of large surface roughness via rip lines or moonscaping may give benefits in the short term, in the longer term it may lead to increased erosion and instability of the landform. The value of surface roughness is closely linked to its persistence through time, which is largely controlled by the particle size distribution of the material in which the roughness is created. A GUIDE TO LEADING PRACTICE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MINING 163
Figure 5.27 – Moonscaping in the Pilbara (source unknown) Rehabilitation of quarries Quarries and the mining of industrial minerals are not often featured in examples of leading practice however examples do exist. An international case study illustrating innovative transport options is provided by a limestone quarry in Taiwan. MINE: Asia Cement Corporation Hsin-Chen Shan quarry LOCATION: Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C. BRIEF DESCRIPTION: Quarry 6.5 million tonnes limestone annually on the hill side (from SL740~120m). A 300m depth vertical shaft in the quarry centre to transport crushed rock to cement plant. AREA OF LEADING PRACTICE: Reclamation, innovative transport system HANDBOOK(S) REFERENCE: Mine rehabilitation; mine closure and completion DESCRIPTION OF INNOVATION: Hsin-Chen Shan quarry’s annual production rate is 6.5 million tonnes of limestone, and is the second largest quarry in Taiwan. Asia Cement Corp. (A.C.C.) established its cement plant at what was then relatively desolate and remote territory in Hualien, Taiwan in 1974. Neighbouring the famous Tarako Gorge National Park, it was essential that the beautiful scenery and natural resources was preserved over the life of the quarry. Over three decades, the quarry has won numerous medals and certificates for its environmental performance. 164 LEADING PRACTICE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR THE MINING INDUSTRY
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LEADING PRACTICE SUSTAINABLE DEVELO
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Disclaimer This publication has bee
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3.0 DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION 61
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Leading Practi
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viii LEADING PRACTICE SUSTAINABLE D
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1.0 INTRODUCTION The Purpose and La
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Airborne Contaminants, Noise and Vi
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Water Management (LP Water) This ha
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Site water team Corporate managemen
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Sustainable Mining There is no one
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Mining the resource efficiently. Th
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Efficiency SUSTAINABLE MINING PRACT
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LOCATION: Vilabouly District, Savan
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Leading Practice The handbooks in t
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2.0 PRE-DEVELOPMENT: MINERAL EXPLOR
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The application of high standard en
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The Business Case for Sustainabilit
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The information obtained from these
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conditions are appropriate. In NSW,
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Such richness also brings challenge
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The dunefields of Shelburne Bay had
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Community Engagement in the Early S
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Baseline studies and social impact
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Upon completion of the study, resea
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The scenarios envisaged for the Wat
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2. Reflections on the significance
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Engaging with Indigenous communitie
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Figure 2.9 - A New Township under C
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Geochemical assessment aims to iden
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Regardless of the project phase (ex
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Evaluating Performance: Monitoring
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For these reasons, it is important
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Risk Management and Exploration Exp
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Post-mining & closure Resource deve
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level of family diversity was maint
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Introduction The development and co
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MINE: Mt Todd LOCATION: Near Kather
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Airborne Contaminants, Noise and Vi
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Biodiversity Management During Deve
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Rather than taking a generic approa
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Step 2: Working in collaboration On
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course was designed to train and pr
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Adjustments for changes in the mine
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indicators of high importance durin
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Operating major mining projects pre
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the earliest stage of development,
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Watercourse diversions In order to
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Figure 3.7 - Morwell River after di
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tailings disposal techniques contin
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Figure 4.2 - Predicted blast overpr
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Responsible management of biodivers
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Leading practice management of wate
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MINE: Pierina Mine LOCATION: Distri
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Weipa - a sustainable approach to t
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Adopting the International Cyanide
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Box 1: Major recent incidents invol
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MINE: Chatree gold mine LOCATION: P
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The audit outcomes also highlight t
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Mercury for gold recovery in small/
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Figure 4.9 - Geological control to
Page 123 and 124: highest rating group for the whole
Page 125 and 126: Figure 4.13 - Beverley uranium mine
Page 127 and 128: from 2.5 - 3.0 tonnes/man-shift to
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4.17 - Sunrise Dam TSF Taili
Page 131 and 132: Dry stacking bauxite residue is now
Page 133 and 134: Once the water is used underground
Page 135 and 136: The Rio Tinto “Excellence in Wate
Page 137 and 138: Background Image: Sourced from GOOG
Page 139 and 140: Company policies and government reg
Page 142 and 143: 5.0 MINE REHABILITATION AND CLOSURE
Page 144 and 145: Closure involves the implementation
Page 146 and 147: Biodiversity and Closure Introducti
Page 148 and 149: e better than the high standard bei
Page 150 and 151: Figure 5.7 - Pasture and shelter tr
Page 152 and 153: The Argyle Diamonds case study (see
Page 154 and 155: support and on site accommodation a
Page 156 and 157: Having the right information to mak
Page 158 and 159: Figure 5.13 - Misima after rehabili
Page 160 and 161: In January 2011, the PNG government
Page 162 and 163: MINE: Former lignite mines LOCATION
Page 164 and 165: Fig 5.16: Former Minister Stein Coa
Page 166 and 167: Figure 5.19 - Rehabilitated mine si
Page 168 and 169: Figure 5.21 - Pit water treatment p
Page 170 and 171: Final Rehabilitation Rehabilitation
Page 172 and 173: Figure 5.23: Aerial view of Area 4
Page 176 and 177: The Hsin-Chen Shan quarry terrain i
Page 178 and 179: Figure 5.29 - Spreading topsoil at
Page 180 and 181: Risk Management Risk at closure and
Page 182 and 183: During the 1980s and 1990s, a numbe
Page 184 and 185: An example of direct vegetation is
Page 186: Water Management Central to a mine
Page 189 and 190: Department of Resources, Energy and
Page 192 and 193: GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS Abandoned min
Page 194 and 195: Biodiversity offsets Conservation a
Page 196 and 197: Cultural heritage Cultural heritage
Page 198 and 199: Engagement At its simplest, engagem
Page 200 and 201: High rate thickener A thickener thr
Page 202 and 203: NAPP Net Acid Producing Potential,
Page 204 and 205: Product stewardship This is perhaps
Page 206 and 207: Risk management process The risk ma
Page 208 and 209: Sustainable development Sustainable
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A guide to leading practice sustainable development in mining

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