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21 a high potential for GHG emission reductions by substitution of fossil fuels. Biomass is an energy sources that in terms of c- neutrality, will provide an opportunity for emission reductions, as long as this resource is regenerated the following year to balance for annual emission reductions and C0 2 fixation. Figure i.2, presents the projection of emissions by sectors for the base scenario. It is evident, that emission levels of the energy sector will increase while all the other sectors will remain stable. This results demonstrated the level of required efforts for the national carbon neutrality. Figure i.2: Costa Rica. Total net emissions base scenario: Historical emissions and projections (Gg) Source: M. Adamson, CIESA. Executive Summary
22 Efforts to achieve any of the options for carbon neutrality are significant, in terms of reduction of fossil fuel energy, as well as associated low carbon technologies. These efforts will depend on an economic policy that internalizes costs and other suggested measures included in the IPCC Policy Proposals by sectors to provide incentives for changes in the productive sectors. In order to achieve national goals, a sustained and coherent support to address priorities and resources is required, taking into consideration that the costs will be higher if actions are not taken right away. A low carbon economy would generate financial resources that will benefit ecosystems and reduction of vulnerability to climate change. For example, energy production from hydrological sources will provide clean energy, at the same time, will protect water resources to the effects of climate change and generation of energy. The National Carbon Neutral Policy stated by Costa Rica is a defiant challenge. It offers valuable opportunities for the country’s economic, environmental and social development. Delay actions will impose higher costs in the future according to estimates and International reports. Taking actions now will facilitate a head start and build national capacities to become a low and neutral carbon emission economy. This is an effort of our society to be responsible with future generations and as a valuable effort to preserve the functions of ecosystem that provide support to our life. Assessment of vulnerability, effects of climate change, and adaptation measures Costa Rica is a country vulnerable to extreme hydrometeorological events, which have brought disaster to many of its socioeconomic sectors. The following section characterizes climate, variability, and climate change, and is an important guide towards the understanding of current and future climate, crucial in the design of a National Adaptation to Climate Change Strategy. Costa Rica’s Climate Regions The Northwest-Southeast orientation of its mountain range system divides Costa Rica into two regions: Pacific and Caribbean. Each one of these regions has its own precipitation regime, with particular spatial and temporal characteristics. The two precipitation regimes, mountain distribution, along with Costa Rica’s prevailing winds and oceanic influence, differentiate three main climate regions, which are divided into six smaller scale zones: the Humid Tropical Region of the Caribbean (to which belong the Northern Zone and Caribbean Region), the Inter-mountainous Central Region (to which belongs the Central Region), and the Tropical Pacific Region (which is made up by the North Pacific, Central Pacific and South Pacific Regions). Signs of climate change in Costa Rica Table i.3 provides examples of recent events which suggest changes Costa Rica’s climate. Future climate projections in Costa Rica Future climate projections obtained through the PRECIS model quantitative results are presented in the following images. II Comunicación <strong>Nacional</strong> 2009
Page 2 and 3: Costa Rica 2009 Segunda Comunicaci
Page 4 and 5: CONTENIDO 5 Prólogo...............
Page 6 and 7: 7 5.6 Sectores y sistemas evaluados
Page 8 and 9: Cuadro 4.1 Propuesta de políticas
Page 10 and 11: 11 Figura 4.3 Costa Rica. Emisiones
Page 12 and 13: PRÓLOGO 13 Los impactos del cambio
Page 14 and 15: 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This executive
Page 16 and 17: 17 Environmental Services (PSA) pro
Page 18 and 19: 19 Convention and the Designated Na
Page 22 and 23: 23 Table i.3: Recent evidences of c
Page 24 and 25: 25 Figure i.3: Climate change preci
Page 26 and 27: 27 Water resources Costa Rica condu
Page 28 and 29: 29 Table i.5: Identified adaptation
Page 30 and 31: 31 Table i.6: Expected changes in t
Page 32 and 33: 33 Public Health One of the sectors
Page 34 and 35: 35 Technology Transfer The relative
Page 36 and 37: 37 years on the matter, mainly by t
Page 38 and 39: 39 Research, projects and academic
Page 40 and 41: 41 1990 al 71,2% en 2007. En ese mi
Page 42 and 43: 43 Cuadro i.2: Emisiones totales de
Page 44 and 45: 45 Figura i.1 Estrategia Nacional d
Page 46 and 47: 47 Figura i.2: Costa Rica. Emisione
Page 48 and 49: 49 Cuadro i.3: Evidencias próximas
Page 50 and 51: 51 Figura i.3: Escenarios de cambio
Page 52 and 53: 53 Proyecciones futuras del clima e
Page 54 and 55: 55 Cuadro i.5: Medidas de adaptaci
Page 56 and 57: 57 Un análisis sobre el efecto del
Page 58 and 59: 59 de la información generada que
Page 60 and 61: 61 Figura i.7 Cantones de mayor exp
Page 62 and 63: 63 La red hidrometeorológica y cli
Page 64 and 65: 65 c) ubicarlas en sitios con buena
Page 66 and 67: CAPÍTULO 1 Circunstancias Nacional
Page 68 and 69: 69 gas de las aguas residuales indu
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71 Cuadro 1.2: Indicadores demográ
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73 años anteriores, pero sigue sie
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75 A inicios del 2007, en materia d
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77 óptimo. Así, se evalúa exhaus
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CAPÍTULO 2 Inventario Nacional de
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81 Una parte integral para identifi
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83 En el caso específico de Costa
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85 2.4 Procesos Industriales Existe
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87 En la figura 2.2 se presenta la
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89 Figura 2.3 Disposición final de
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91 • Beneficios de café • Inge
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CAPÍTULO 3 Políticas, medidas ado
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95 3.2 Nivel Nacional 3.2.1 Marco l
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97 - Programa de Ordenamiento Terri
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99 2. Impulsar la creación de un s
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101 rentes sectores de la sociedad
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103 de métodos alternativos como l
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105 Figura 4.1: Ejes principales de
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107 Política Área Medidas Interna
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109 Cuadro 4.2: Propuesta de polít
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115 4.3 Opciones de Mitigación de
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117 Un importante hallazgo, desde e
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119 Figura 4.2: Costa Rica. Distrib
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121 En ese sentido, la alternativa
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123 Figura 4.5:Opción de Mitigaci
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125 4.4 Mecanismo de Desarrollo Lim
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127 identificar los principales tip
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129 Con respecto a los Cuadros 5.2
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131 Cuadro 5.4: Eventos extremos en
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133 Estos fenómenos en conjunto, p
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135 estacionales que coinciden con
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137 Figura 5.4 Comportamiento del F
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139 5.2.5 Tornados En Costa Rica so
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141 En la siguiente figura se prese
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143 Sistema Zona Observación Relac
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145 5.4 Proyecciones futuras del cl
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147 5.4.1 Análisis regional: Pací
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149 5.4.3 Análisis regional: Pací
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151 Figura 5.15: Escenarios de camb
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153 Figura 5.18: Escenarios de camb
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155 beta, y una precaria infraestru
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157 En el área del proyecto no exi
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159 5.6.1.1 Medidas de adaptación
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161 Sector Servicios públicos Medi
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163 5.6.2 Conocimiento, estado actu
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165 individuos adultos de 6 especie
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167 5.6.2.2 Cambio climático y bio
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169 Los mapas de distribución pote
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171 el país producen más efectos
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173 cambio climático. - Fortalecim
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175 Cuadro 5.14: Cantones con mayor
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177 Figura 5.24 Impacto económico
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179 Figura 5.26: Impacto económico
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181 Figura 5.28: Casos mensuales de
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183 5.6.3.4 Enfermedades cardiovasc
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185 Figura 5.32: Incidencia de diar
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187 5.6.3.6 Angiostrongilosis abdom
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189 Figura 5.36: Tasa de Angiostron
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191 Cuadro 5.17: Vulnerabilidad int
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193 CAPÍTULO 6 Transferencia de te
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195 6.3 Sectores con potencial de m
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197 Figura 6.5: Costa Rica. Emision
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199 Esta tecnología tiene la venta
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201 Se estima que la incorporación
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203 Figura 6.11: Costa Rica. Reducc
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205 Si se combinan las tecnologías
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207 Figura 6.13 Diagrama de reducci
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209 Figura 6.14: Costa Rica. Emisio
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211 aún en investigación y desarr
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213 Mareas: Busca aprovechar la ene
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215 En 1883, la entonces Oficina de
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217 red con fines de cambio climát
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219 radiosondeo y mide variables at
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221 datos medidos en una estación
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223 Cuadro 7.1: Variables climátic
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225 una base de datos específica y
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227 7.1.5.3 Estación de la atmósf
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229 7.2 Reforzamiento de la red hid
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231 de observación nacional con un
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233 dose de lo anterior una serie b
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235 Cuadro 8.1: Programas de invest
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237 Institución Proyecto/estudio
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239 Institución Proyecto/estudio
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241 En la página web http://cgloba
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243 CAPÍTULO 9 Bibliografía Capí
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245 Fournier, M.L. 2003. Uso de pla
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247 PRODUS (Programa de Investigaci
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249 BIODIVERSIDAD Alpízar, E.; Cas
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251 IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007
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253 bientes Marinos Costeros de Cos
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255 Cantero, M.; Fonseca, P. 2007.
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257 Pereira, M. 2001. Caracterizaci
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259 yecto de Cambio Climático. Inf
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261 presentado al Instituto Meteoro
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263 IMN: Instituto Meteorológico N
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Este libro se imprimió en el mes d
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