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years on the matter, mainly by the Ministry
of Health and by MINAET. IMN, in a joint
effort with the National University (UNA),
the Ministry of Health and the municipality
of Belén, Heredia, installed a station in
Belén, which was closed due to lack of
spare parts.
IMN also installed a station at Irazú Volcano
to measure trans-frontier pollution, but
is currently out of service.
f) Upper atmosphere network: The station
is made up by only one station, installed
at Juan Santamaría international airport in
1972 and operated by IMN. It is also called
upper air network or radiosounding.
Several radiosounding campaigns in Costa
Rica have been carried out in recent years
by NASA, primarily during boreal summer
and in collaboration with IMN, UNA, UCR,
CENAT, and other national and international
institutions. High frequency spatial and
temporal data has been generated, focused
on monitoring the vertical structure of the
concentrations of ozone and other types of
gases and aerosols in the atmosphere
g) Marine meteorological and tide monitoring
network: Although marine variable
registries have existed in the country, in a
non-continuous manner, since the forties,
the data gathered is enough to determine
that the sea level has risen by 2 – 3 millimeters
per year.
h) Lightning network: Established and operated
by ICE around five years ago to
measure electric discharges throughout
the country, including adjacent marine areas.
The network has four sensors installed
within the country, which are sufficient to
register and measure almost one hundred
percent of the electric discharges occurring
within the country.
i) Urban precipitation network: The network
was built in the decade of 1980s in
response to the overflows in rivers and
creeks, caused by widespread urbanization
and land use change. Operated by IMN,
its purpose is to support the National Emergency
Commission (CNE) in dealing to the
ever more frequent urban hydrometeorological
phenomena.
j) River state network: CNE visually monitors
river parameters three times daily (7
a.m., midday, 6 p.m.) and indicates parameters
such as water levels and atmospheric
phenomena. In case of hydrometeorological
emergency, reports are made every 3
hours. The information included is quite
important to effectively respond to hydrometeorological
emergencies.
k) Climatological network: This network
characterizes and describes the country’s
climate, and practically uses information
from all the aforementioned networks. The
institutions that have historically managed
the most stations are IMN and ICE.
l) Satellite imagery network: IMN has been
receiving and analyzing meteorological
satellite images since the 1970s. Other institutions
have since then installed satellite
receivers, such as the National University
for oceanographic means, and ICE for its
hydrological forecasts.
For various reasons, however, the country has
not yet established certain important data networks
such as the following:
a) Socialized climate change network,
with the objective of measuring and sectorally
analyzing climate change in a precise
manner
Executive Summary