TehniÄka termodinamika - Kemijsko-tehnoloÅ¡ki fakultet

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TEHNIČKA TERMODINAMIKA__________________________________________ koji je niži što je razlika tlakova p1 − p2 manja, a znatno poraste snizi li se tlak na kraju ekspanzije. To se može ostvariti ugradnjom kondenzatora hlađenog rashladnom vodom ili zrakom. K Slika 71. Proces s mokrom parom u h, s – dijagramu 230 p 2 / bar Slika 72. Termički stupanj djelovanja, η procesa s mokrom parom ovisno o tlaku na kraju ekspanzije za različite vrijednosti tlaka svježe pare
______________________________________________________Stvarni ili realni plinovi i pare Ako se para nakon ekspanzije odvodi neposredno u okolinu, govorimo o ispušnim strojevima. Tada okolina preuzima ulogu kondenzatora. Ispušna para kondenzirat će se negdje u okolini i ohladiti se do temperature okoline. Voda kojom se napaja kotao uzimat će se iz rijeke, potoka ili bunara i pri tome nije bitno vraćaju li se iste molekule vode u proces. Tu je temperatura napojne vode niža od temperature na kraju ekspanzije pa je dio unutarnje energije tekućine izgubljen za proces. Tada se u nazivniku izraza η = h3 − h4 h3 − h5 umjesto h 5 pojavljuje entalpija vode koja odgovara temperaturi okoline. Stoga je i termički stupanj djelovanja ispušnog parnog stroja niži nego kad se napaja vodom one temperature koju ima para na kraju ekspanzije, slika 73. p 1 / bar Slika 73. Termički stupanj djelovanja, η procesa s mokrom parom ovisno o tlaku p1 svježe pare za tlak na kraju ekspanzije od p 2 = 1 bar S porastom tlaka svježe pare povisuje se termički stupanj djelovanja. Taj porast je vrlo malen u usporedbi s povišenjem tlaka, a zbog većeg tlaka stroj se mora čvršće graditi. Relativno mali porast termičkog stupnja djelovanja može se rastumačiti činjenicom da se povišenjem tlaka, doduše, povisuje temperatura 231
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Prof. dr. sc. Nedjeljka Petric Prof
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TehniÄka termodinamika - Kemijsko-tehnoloÅ¡ki fakultet

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