TehniÄka termodinamika - Kemijsko-tehnoloÅ¡ki fakultet

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TEHNIČKA TERMODINAMIKA__________________________________________ Slika 122. T, s – dijagram Lindeova uređaja Pri puštanju toplog uređaja u pogon prigušit će se stlačeni zrak 2 u prigušnom ventilu na stanje a. Temperatura T a samo je nekoliko stupnjeva niža od okolne temperature T 0 . Ponajprije se sav prigušeni zrak hladnijeg stanja a vraća u rekuperator u kojem se zagrijava hlađenjem stlačenog zraka koji nadolazi sa stanjem 2 i hladi se, npr. do stanja 2’. Kad prigušimo stlačeni zrak stanja 2’, dobivamo već nešto nižu temperaturu stanja a’. Vraćanjem tog prigušenog zraka u rekuperator, hladi se novonadošli stlačeni zrak na 2’’, a nadovezano prigušivanje daje još nižu temperaturu stanja a’’ itd. Što je naprava dulje u pogonu, to hladniji postaje zrak iza prigušnog ventila tako da naprava sama sebe unosi u područje sve nižih temperatura. Kažemo da se uređaj sam uzbuđuje. Nakon nekog vremena zateći ćemo pred prigušnim ventilom stanje 3, a iza ventila stanje 4. Kako 4 već leži u zasićenom području, zrak se ovdje razdvaja u suhozasićenu paru 4’’ i u kapljeviti zrak 4’. Otvorimo li otpusni pipac, možemo iz naprave otočiti manje količine kapljevitog (tekućeg) zraka. 8.3. UKAPLJIVANJE PREMA CLAUDEU Načelno, drugim putem pošao je G. Claude 1902. godine. Vodila ga je misao da nepovrativo prigušivanje u Lindeovom procesu zamijeni povrativom 336
______________________________________________________________Ukapljivanje plinova ekspanzijom u ekspanzijskom stroju pri čemu se može dobiti i rad. Dobivanje stanovitog rada u ekspanzijskom cilindru Claudeovog uređaja ima sporedno značenje. Puno veća je prednost ekspanzijskog cilindra u intenzivnom hlađenju zraka pri ekspanziji. Znatna je prednost Claudeovog postupka u tome što on i pri razmjerno niskim tlakovima p 2 radi s dobrim iskorištenjem tako da strojevi rade obično s p 2 = 40 , a ne s 200 bar kao kod Lindeovog stroja. 8.4. UKAPLJIVANJE ZRAKA PREMA KAPICI Zasluga je P.L. Kapice što su kod uređaja za ukapljivanje zraka stapni strojevi zamijenjeni turbinama. Turbine su u prednosti nasuprot stapnim strojevima zato što nemaju gubitaka na stijenkama. kapici je uspjelo konstruirati odgovarajuću turbinu s dobrim stupnjem djelovanja što je važno za ekonomičnost procesa ukapljivanja. Kod ovog načina ukapljivanja niži je pogonski tlak koji iznosi svega oko 6 bar ( 2 = 6 p bar). 337
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TehniÄka termodinamika - Kemijsko-tehnoloÅ¡ki fakultet

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