TehniÄka termodinamika - Kemijsko-tehnoloÅ¡ki fakultet

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TEHNIČKA TERMODINAMIKA__________________________________________ b) Električnim pogonom uz utrošak od 1 kWh može se dobiti −1 6.46⋅3600 = 23256 kJ h topline za grijanje. −1 Neposrednim grijanjem električnom energijom dobilo bi se samo 3600 kJ h . Uređaj je 6.46 puta ekonomičniji od običnog grijanja. 330
______________________________________________________________Ukapljivanje plinova 8. UKAPLJIVANJE PLINOVA Ukapljivanje plinova koji imaju vrelište duboko ispod temperature okoline ima veliki tehnički i znanstveni značaj. Iz tehnike niskih temperatura razvile su se industrije koje se sve više razvijaju. Razdvajanje zraka na dušik i kisik, ili pak drugih plinskih smjesa na njihove sudionike, jedna je od najvažnijih grana tehnike niskih temperatura. Da bi se neki plin mogao ukapljiti, treba mu sniziti temperaturu i tlak ispod kritičnih vrijednosti. Kapljevita i plinovita faza mogu samo tu usporedno postojati, a to se traži u mnogim tehničkim zadacima; npr. pri razdvajanju kapljevitih plinskih smjesa u sastavne dijelove, kod prijevoza ukapljenih plinova u otvorenim spremnicima i sl. Uskladištenje i transport plinova u ukapljenom stanju na najnižim temperaturama poprimili su već široke razmjere tako da se brodovima redovito otpremaju velike količine ukapljenog zemnog plina. Najznačajnije je ukapljivanje zraka. 8.1. TEORIJSKI RAD UKAPLJIVANJA Uz investicijske troškove za ukapljivanje plinova, presudni su i pogonski troškovi, a osobito troškovi za pogonsku snagu. Da bi se mogla ocijeniti valjanost nekog postupka ukapljivanja, treba poznavati rad koji je teorijski bezuvjetno potreban za ukapljivanje. Taj rad se mora izvršiti zato što je plinu potrebno odvesti toplinu na temperaturama nižim od okoline i predati je okolini (rashladnoj vodi) na višoj temperaturi. Pretpostavimo da su termička svojstva plina poznata. Plinom raspolažemo pri okolnom tlaku p 0 =1 bar i okolnoj temperaturi T0 , čije je stanje predočeno (vidi sliku 120.) točkom M 0 =1 . Želimo li odatle dobiti kapljevit plin istog tlaka moramo ga ohladiti barem na temperaturu zasićenja (vrenja) T s , točka M ≡1′ , na donjoj graničnoj krivulji. Pripadni rad w za ukapljivanje bit će pri 331
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TehniÄka termodinamika - Kemijsko-tehnoloÅ¡ki fakultet

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TehniÄka termodinamika - Kemijsko-tehnoloÅ¡ki fakultet