R_Bibb_Medical_Modelling_The_Application_of_Adv.pdf

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Table 5.5 Advantages and disadvantages of SLM TM and DMLS ® Advantages Disadvantages Physical reproduction 87 Very strong, very tough metal parts Relatively new technology Accurate Very high cost of machine and materials Materials can be sterilised easily Inert gas supply required (using autoclave) Wide range of metal materials the powder. The advantages and disvantages of SLM TM and DMLS ® are summarised in Table 5.5. 5.6 Three-dimensional printing 5.6.1 Principle Powder material is deposited layer by layer and selectively bonded with adhesive printed onto the powder by heads, similar to those used in inkjet printers. 5.6.2 Detail This process was originally developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and commercialised by the USA-based company Z-Corp. The machines use simple, relatively cheap powder materials such as starch and plaster, which is selectively bound by printing an adhesive. The models have to be removed from the unused powder, which supports the build as it progresses. At this point, the models tend to be delicate and soft and require infi ltration of a hardener material such as polyurethane or cyanoacrylate resin. The machines are comparatively inexpensive and the material and running costs are reasonable. The fi nished models are not as accurate and the surface fi nish not as good as SL for example, but the advantage is that the machine builds extremely fast compared to other processes. This, combined with low running costs, makes the models comparatively cheap. The fi nished models remain relatively weak compared to FDM TM or LS models. The machines and materials are safe if slightly messy. The materials tend to be highly porous and, therefore, not well suited to sterilisation, and no medical grade materials are available. The models are opaque which may hide internal details. A typical Z-Corp medical model is shown in Fig. 5.21. However, machines are available that can produce full colour models. This is achieved by introducing coloured inks into the
88 Medical modelling 5.21 Z-Corp model of the mandible. Table 5.6 Advantages and disadvantages of three-dimensional printing Advantages Disadvantages Cheaper, small machine Lower accuracy and surface fi nish Very fast build times Limited application Easy to use Low maintenance and running costs Suitable for offi ce environment Full colour models possible adhesive print head (exactly like an inkjet printer) and using a white powder. Therefore, a wide range of colours is available. This may prove particularly useful in teaching models where different adjacent objects need to be identifi ed. The advantages and disadvantages of three-dimensional printing are summarised in Table 5.6.
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Medical modelling
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Medical modelling The application o
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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgement
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Contents vii 6.10 Rehabilitation ap
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x Preface Therefore, it is hoped th
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1.1 Background 1 Introduction The p
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Introduction 3 Whilst this book is
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Long axis 1.1 The anatomical positi
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Introduction 7 1.3 The major refere
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Medical imaging for rapid prototypi
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2.2.3 Anatomical coverage Medical i
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2.6 X-ray scatter artefact in a CT
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2.9 Close up of noise. Medical imag
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2.12 Smooth data. Medical imaging f
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1 Medical imaging for rapid prototy
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Export data format and media 33 (NE
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3.3 Media Export data format and me
Page 50 and 51: 4.1 Pixel data operations 4 Working
Page 52 and 53: 4.3 Effect of a high threshold. 4.4
Page 54 and 55: Working with medical scan data 41 4
Page 58 and 59: Working with medical scan data 45 S
Page 60 and 61: 4.4 Two-dimensional formats Working
Page 64 and 65: Working with medical scan data 51 I
Page 66 and 67: 4.18 Close up view showing facets.
Page 72 and 73: 5.1 Background to rapid prototyping
Page 74 and 75: Physical reproduction 61 developing
Page 76 and 77: Physical reproduction 63 will displ
Page 78 and 79: Physical reproduction 65 As there i
Page 80 and 81: Physical reproduction 67 However, t
Page 82 and 83: Data quality Physical reproduction
Page 84 and 85: Physical reproduction 71 In some ca
Page 86 and 87: Physical reproduction 73 Overhangin
Page 88 and 89: Physical reproduction 75 5.10 SL mo
Page 90 and 91: Physical reproduction 77 5.12 Selec
Page 92 and 93: 5.13 A Perfactory ® model of a man
Page 94 and 95: 5.15 FDM TM model of the mandible.
Page 96 and 97: Table 5.3 Advantages and disadvanta
Page 98 and 99: Physical reproduction 85 In medical
Page 102 and 103: 5.7 Jetting head technology 5.7.1 P
Page 104 and 105: 5.23 ThermoJet ® model of the mand
Page 106 and 107: 5.24 LOM TM model of the mandible.
Page 108 and 109: 5.26 LOM TM model of a partial face
Page 110 and 111: 6 Case studies The following case s
Page 112 and 113: IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Implementation c
Page 114 and 115: Post model Hospital department Pati
Page 116 and 117: Case studies 103 When using this so
Page 118 and 119: Case studies 105 (Mimics). Image ma
Page 120 and 121: Case studies 107 full co-operation
Page 122 and 123: Case studies 109 communication and
Page 124 and 125: • to achieve patient’s agreemen
Page 126 and 127: 6.2.4 Rapid prototyping technologie
Page 128 and 129: Case studies 115 not be suitable. A
Page 130 and 131: Case studies 117 scale of the data
Page 132 and 133: 6.7 SL model with signifi cant stai
Page 134 and 135: Case studies 121 6.9a Smooth surfac
Page 136 and 137: Case studies 123 slice editing of t
Page 138 and 139: Case studies 125 6.12 Removal of bo
Page 140 and 141: Case studies 127 18. Williams R J,
Page 142 and 143: Case studies 129 and passing throug
Page 144 and 145: Case studies 131 6.14 The effect of
Page 146 and 147: Case studies 133 6.18 The block ove
Page 148 and 149: Case studies 135 create template (3
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6.4.3 Materials and methods Case st
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6.22 Resected bone compared to SLA
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Case studies 141 9. Robinson R P, C
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Case studies 143 multi-plane reform
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Case studies 145 6.25 The custom ti
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Case studies 147 6.28 Plain radiogr
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Case studies 149 reproduction of ex
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Case studies 151 manner. The softwa
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Case studies 153 surface on which t
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6.33 The guide being fi tted to the
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Case studies 157 The more fundament
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Case studies 159 25. Sarment D P, A
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6.37 Stereolithography models. 6.38
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Case studies 163 6.41 Merged pre- a
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REHABILITATION APPLICATIONS 6.8 Reh
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6.8.3 Methods Preliminary trial of
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Case studies 169 prototyping system
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Case studies 171 The aperture for t
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Case studies 173 7. Manners C R (19
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Case studies 175 during the acquisi
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6.46 Smoothing the data (exaggerate
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6.49 Plaster fi lled SL mould. Case
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Case studies 181 diffi cult for hos
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Case studies 183 extremely diffi cu
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Case studies 185 back as shown in F
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6.54 The result of the Boolean subt
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6.56 The SLA model of the plate. Ca
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6.59 SLA implant on SLA model of de
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Case studies 193 In the near future
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Case studies 195 anatomical forms a
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Case studies 197 Establishing the c
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Case studies 199 6.63 The rough (a)
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Case studies 201 The fi nal prosthe
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Case studies 203 grating the techno
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Case studies 205 6.12 Rehabilitatio
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Case studies 207 • Data capture N
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Case studies 209 placement of two i
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Case studies 211 technique that has
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Case studies 213 6.72 The bar locat
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Case studies 215 Stereolithography
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Case studies 217 authors intend to
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Case studies 219 17. Kau C H, Zhuro
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Case studies 221 310, Sainte-Foy, Q
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6.77a The physically surveyed cast.
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Creation of relief Case studies 225
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6.81 Construction curves. Case stud
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6.83 The support structure in 3D Li
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Finishing Case studies 231 The cast
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Case studies 233 6.14 Rehabilitatio
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6.86 The RPD framework designed in
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Second experiment Case studies 237
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Case studies 239 6.90 Close up view
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Table 6.2 Process steps and associa
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Case studies 243 9. Budtz-Jorgensen
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Case studies 245 micro-computed tom
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Case studies 247 supports became av
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Case studies 249 However, the probl
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6.96 Model of one of the samples su
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6.15.9 Reference Case studies 253 1
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Case studies 255 mummies. Mimics so
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Case studies 257 6.101 3D reconstru
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Case studies 259 6.103 The stages o
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6.16.5 Conclusions Case studies 261
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Case studies 263 the patient’s de
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Case studies 265 and sharp radii re
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Suitable technologies identifi ed C
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Case studies 269 6.107 A close-up p
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6.110 The selected region of facial
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Case studies 273 patterns were buil
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Case studies 275 7. Cheah C M, Chua
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Future developments 277 slices to b
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Future developments 279 ments that
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Glossary and explanatory notes 281
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Glossary and explanatory notes 283
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Further reading on anatomy Last’s
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Fundamentals of Facial Prosthetics
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Rapid Prototyping and Tooling Resea
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Contacts 3D Systems 26081 Avenue Ha
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Marcam Engineering GmbH Fahrenheits
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3D Lightyear TM 229, 247, 249-51, 2
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Removable Partial Denture 219-20, 2
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4.10 A three-dimensional shaded ima
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6.41 Merged pre- and post-operative
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