R_Bibb_Medical_Modelling_The_Application_of_Adv.pdf

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Case studies 221 310, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada, G1N 4N6). Spider software (Alias- Wavefront Inc., 210 King Street East, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A 1J7) was used to produce a polygon surface, STL (Manners, C. R., 1993, ‘STL File Format’ available on request from 3D Systems Inc., 2608, Avenue Hall Valencia, CA 91355, USA) model fi le that could be imported into FreeForm ® . FreeForm ® modelling FreeForm ® is a CAD package with tools analogous to those used in physi - cal sculpting. A haptic interface (PHANTOM ® Desktop TM haptic interface; SensAble Technologies Inc.) incorporates positioning in three-dimensional space and allows rotation and translation in all axes, whilst translating hand movements into the virtual environment (Fig. 6.76). It also allows the operator to feel the object being worked on in the software. The combination of tools and force feedback sensations mimic working on a physical object and allow shapes to be designed and modifi ed in an arbitrary manner. Objects being worked on are referred to as virtual ‘clay’, which can be rotated and viewed from any angle on the screen. A ‘buck’ setting prevents a model being unintentionally modifi ed, but allows ‘clay’ to be added or copied. The STL cast was imported into FreeForm ® as a ‘buck’ model. Surveying Surveying is undertaken in dental technology laboratories to identify useful dental features in order for the RPD design to be effectively retained in the oral cavity. The ‘parting line’ (also known as ‘split line’) function within FreeForm ® was used to delineate up- and down-facing surfaces, thus identifying areas of undercut in a different colour to the ‘buck’ model. The effect is identical to the physical technique of using dental survey lines to identify and mark the most bulbous areas of teeth with a pencil line (highlighted in Fig. 6.77a). The undercuts were assessed in order to establish the best path of insertion and possible points for active clasp termination and the model was then rotated accordingly. A visual comparison (Figs 6.77a and b) was made between the physically surveyed cast and the same model cast surveyed using the software. Once a suitable angle was chosen, the model was re-exported as an STL fi le. Removing unwanted undercuts When creating an RPD, most undercuts are removed so that the resulting framework can be inserted and removed in a comfortable manner. The STL
222 Medical modelling 6.76 The PHANTOM ® stylus. fi le of the rotated cast was imported into FreeForm ® , but this time using the ‘extrude to plane’ option. When the cast was viewed from above, this option took the maximum extents of the profi le and extruded them down by a user-defi ned distance. This effectively removed undercuts and replaced them with vertical surfaces (Figs 6.78a and b). Identifying useful undercuts FreeForm ® ’s ‘ruler’ tool was used to measure the distance between the original cast model and the version with undercuts removed. The useful
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Medical modelling
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Medical modelling The application o
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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgement
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Contents vii 6.10 Rehabilitation ap
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x Preface Therefore, it is hoped th
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1.1 Background 1 Introduction The p
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Introduction 3 Whilst this book is
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Long axis 1.1 The anatomical positi
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Introduction 7 1.3 The major refere
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Medical imaging for rapid prototypi
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2.2.3 Anatomical coverage Medical i
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2.6 X-ray scatter artefact in a CT
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2.9 Close up of noise. Medical imag
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2.12 Smooth data. Medical imaging f
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1 Medical imaging for rapid prototy
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Export data format and media 33 (NE
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3.3 Media Export data format and me
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4.1 Pixel data operations 4 Working
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4.3 Effect of a high threshold. 4.4
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Working with medical scan data 41 4
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Working with medical scan data 45 S
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4.4 Two-dimensional formats Working
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Working with medical scan data 51 I
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4.18 Close up view showing facets.
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5.1 Background to rapid prototyping
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Physical reproduction 61 developing
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Physical reproduction 63 will displ
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Physical reproduction 65 As there i
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Physical reproduction 67 However, t
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Data quality Physical reproduction
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Physical reproduction 71 In some ca
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Physical reproduction 73 Overhangin
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Physical reproduction 75 5.10 SL mo
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Physical reproduction 77 5.12 Selec
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5.13 A Perfactory ® model of a man
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5.15 FDM TM model of the mandible.
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Table 5.3 Advantages and disadvanta
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Physical reproduction 85 In medical
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Table 5.5 Advantages and disadvanta
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5.7 Jetting head technology 5.7.1 P
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5.23 ThermoJet ® model of the mand
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5.24 LOM TM model of the mandible.
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5.26 LOM TM model of a partial face
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6 Case studies The following case s
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IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Implementation c
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Post model Hospital department Pati
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Case studies 103 When using this so
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Case studies 105 (Mimics). Image ma
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Case studies 107 full co-operation
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Case studies 109 communication and
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• to achieve patient’s agreemen
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6.2.4 Rapid prototyping technologie
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Case studies 115 not be suitable. A
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Case studies 117 scale of the data
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6.7 SL model with signifi cant stai
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Case studies 121 6.9a Smooth surfac
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Case studies 123 slice editing of t
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Case studies 125 6.12 Removal of bo
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Case studies 127 18. Williams R J,
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Case studies 129 and passing throug
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Case studies 131 6.14 The effect of
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Case studies 133 6.18 The block ove
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Case studies 135 create template (3
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6.4.3 Materials and methods Case st
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6.22 Resected bone compared to SLA
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Case studies 141 9. Robinson R P, C
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Case studies 143 multi-plane reform
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Case studies 145 6.25 The custom ti
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Case studies 147 6.28 Plain radiogr
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Case studies 149 reproduction of ex
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Case studies 151 manner. The softwa
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Case studies 153 surface on which t
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6.33 The guide being fi tted to the
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Case studies 157 The more fundament
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Case studies 159 25. Sarment D P, A
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6.37 Stereolithography models. 6.38
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Case studies 163 6.41 Merged pre- a
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REHABILITATION APPLICATIONS 6.8 Reh
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6.8.3 Methods Preliminary trial of
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Case studies 169 prototyping system
Page 184 and 185: Case studies 171 The aperture for t
Page 186 and 187: Case studies 173 7. Manners C R (19
Page 188 and 189: Case studies 175 during the acquisi
Page 190 and 191: 6.46 Smoothing the data (exaggerate
Page 192 and 193: 6.49 Plaster fi lled SL mould. Case
Page 194 and 195: Case studies 181 diffi cult for hos
Page 196 and 197: Case studies 183 extremely diffi cu
Page 198 and 199: Case studies 185 back as shown in F
Page 200 and 201: 6.54 The result of the Boolean subt
Page 202 and 203: 6.56 The SLA model of the plate. Ca
Page 204 and 205: 6.59 SLA implant on SLA model of de
Page 206 and 207: Case studies 193 In the near future
Page 208 and 209: Case studies 195 anatomical forms a
Page 210 and 211: Case studies 197 Establishing the c
Page 212 and 213: Case studies 199 6.63 The rough (a)
Page 214 and 215: Case studies 201 The fi nal prosthe
Page 216 and 217: Case studies 203 grating the techno
Page 218 and 219: Case studies 205 6.12 Rehabilitatio
Page 220 and 221: Case studies 207 • Data capture N
Page 222 and 223: Case studies 209 placement of two i
Page 224 and 225: Case studies 211 technique that has
Page 226 and 227: Case studies 213 6.72 The bar locat
Page 228 and 229: Case studies 215 Stereolithography
Page 230 and 231: Case studies 217 authors intend to
Page 232 and 233: Case studies 219 17. Kau C H, Zhuro
Page 236 and 237: 6.77a The physically surveyed cast.
Page 238 and 239: Creation of relief Case studies 225
Page 240 and 241: 6.81 Construction curves. Case stud
Page 242 and 243: 6.83 The support structure in 3D Li
Page 244 and 245: Finishing Case studies 231 The cast
Page 246 and 247: Case studies 233 6.14 Rehabilitatio
Page 248 and 249: 6.86 The RPD framework designed in
Page 250 and 251: Second experiment Case studies 237
Page 252 and 253: Case studies 239 6.90 Close up view
Page 254 and 255: Table 6.2 Process steps and associa
Page 256 and 257: Case studies 243 9. Budtz-Jorgensen
Page 258 and 259: Case studies 245 micro-computed tom
Page 260 and 261: Case studies 247 supports became av
Page 262 and 263: Case studies 249 However, the probl
Page 264 and 265: 6.96 Model of one of the samples su
Page 266 and 267: 6.15.9 Reference Case studies 253 1
Page 268 and 269: Case studies 255 mummies. Mimics so
Page 270 and 271: Case studies 257 6.101 3D reconstru
Page 272 and 273: Case studies 259 6.103 The stages o
Page 274 and 275: 6.16.5 Conclusions Case studies 261
Page 276 and 277: Case studies 263 the patient’s de
Page 278 and 279: Case studies 265 and sharp radii re
Page 280 and 281: Suitable technologies identifi ed C
Page 282 and 283: Case studies 269 6.107 A close-up p
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6.110 The selected region of facial
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Case studies 273 patterns were buil
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Case studies 275 7. Cheah C M, Chua
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Future developments 277 slices to b
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Future developments 279 ments that
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Glossary and explanatory notes 281
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Glossary and explanatory notes 283
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Further reading on anatomy Last’s
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Fundamentals of Facial Prosthetics
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Rapid Prototyping and Tooling Resea
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Contacts 3D Systems 26081 Avenue Ha
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Marcam Engineering GmbH Fahrenheits
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3D Lightyear TM 229, 247, 249-51, 2
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Removable Partial Denture 219-20, 2
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4.10 A three-dimensional shaded ima
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6.41 Merged pre- and post-operative
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