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Case studies 125 6.12 Removal of bone at the back of the orbit due to inappropriate choice of image threshold. transfer and image processing procedures are in place; and that the model building material is fi t for the purpose for which it was intended. A multidisciplinary team approach to the manufacture of medical models with rigorous quality assurance is highly recommended. 6.2.7 References 1. Anderl H, Zur Nedden D, Muhlbauer W, Twerdy K, Zanon E, Wicke K, Knapp R (1994), ‘CT-guided stereolithography as a new tool in craniofacial surgery’, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 47 (1), 60–64. 2. Arvier J F, Barker T M, Yau Y Y, D’Urso P S, Atkinson R L, McDermant G R (1994), ‘Maxillofacial biomodelling’, British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 32, 276–283. 3. D’Urso P S, Barker T M, Earwaker W J, Bruce L J, Atkinson R L, Lanigan M W, Arvier J F, Effeney D J (1999), ‘Stereolithographic biomodelling in cranio-maxillofacial surgery: a prospective trial’, Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, 27 (1), 30–37.
126 Medical modelling 4. Eufi nger H, Wehmoller M (1998), ‘Individual prefabricated titanium implants in reconstructive craniofacial surgery: clinical and technical aspects of the fi rst 22 cases’, Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, 102 (2), 300–308. 5. Gateno J, Allen M E, Teichgraeber J F, Messersmith M L (2000), ‘An in vitro study of the accuracy of a new protocol for planning distraction osteogenesis of the mandible’, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 58 (9), 985– 90. 6. Sailer H F, Haers P E, Zollikofer C P, Warnke T, Carls F R, Stucki P (1998), ‘The value of stereolithographic models for preoperative diagnosis of craniofacial deformities and planning of surgical corrections’, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 27 (5), 327–33. 7. Hughes C W, Page K, Bibb R, Taylor J, Revington P (2003), ‘The custom made orbital fl oor prosthesis in reconstruction for orbital fl oor fractures’, British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 41, 50–53. 8. Heckmann S M, Winder W, Meyer M, Weber H P, Wichmann M G (2001), ‘Overdenture attachment selection and the loading of implant and denture bearing area. Part 1: in vitro verifi cation of stereolithographic model’, Clinical Oral Implants Research, 12 (6), 617–23. 9. Winder R J, Cooke R S, Gray J, Fannin T, Fegan T (1999), ‘Medical rapid prototyping and 3D CT in the manufacture of custom made cranial titanium plates’, Journal of Medical Engineering Technology, 23 (1), 26–8. 10. Heissler E, Fischer F, Bolouri S, Lehmann T, Mathar W, Gebhardt A, Lanksch W, Bier J (1998), ‘Aesthetic and reconstructive surgery – custom-made cast titanium implants produced with CAD/CAM for the reconstruction of cranium defects’, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 27 (5), 334–38. 11. Minns R J, Bibb R, Banks R, Sutton R A (2003), ‘The use of a reconstructed three-dimensional solid model from CT to aid surgical management of a total knee arthroplasty: a case study’, Medical Engineering and Physics, 25, 523–6. 12. Munjal S, Leopold S S, Kornreich D, Shott S, Finn F A (2000), ‘CT generated 3D models for complex acetabluar reconstruction’, Journal of Arthroplasty, 15 (5), 644–53. 13. Nakajima T (1995), ‘Integrated life-sized solid model of bone and soft tissue: application for cleft lip and palate infants’, Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, 96 (5), 1020–25. 14. Schwaderer E, Bode A, Budach W, Claussen C D, Danmmann F, Kaus T, Plinkert P K (2000), ‘Soft-tissue stereolithography model as an aid to brachytherapy’, Medica Mundi, 44 (1), 48–51. 15. Mankovich N J, Cheeseman A M, Stoker N G (1990), ‘The display of threedimensional anatomy with stereolithographic models’, Journal of Digital Imaging, 3 (3), 200–203. 16. Erben C, Vitt K D, Wulf J (2000), ‘First statistical analysis of data collected in the Phidias validation study of stereolithography models’, Phidias Newsletter, 5, 6–7. 17. Sarment D P, Sukovic P, Clinthorne N (2003), ‘Accuracy of implant placement with a stereolithographic surgical guide’, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 18 (4), 571–7.
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Medical modelling
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Medical modelling The application o
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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgement
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Contents vii 6.10 Rehabilitation ap
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x Preface Therefore, it is hoped th
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1.1 Background 1 Introduction The p
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Introduction 3 Whilst this book is
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Long axis 1.1 The anatomical positi
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Introduction 7 1.3 The major refere
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Medical imaging for rapid prototypi
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2.2.3 Anatomical coverage Medical i
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2.6 X-ray scatter artefact in a CT
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2.9 Close up of noise. Medical imag
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2.12 Smooth data. Medical imaging f
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1 Medical imaging for rapid prototy
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Export data format and media 33 (NE
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3.3 Media Export data format and me
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4.1 Pixel data operations 4 Working
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4.3 Effect of a high threshold. 4.4
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Working with medical scan data 41 4
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Working with medical scan data 45 S
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4.4 Two-dimensional formats Working
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Working with medical scan data 51 I
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4.18 Close up view showing facets.
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5.1 Background to rapid prototyping
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Physical reproduction 61 developing
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Physical reproduction 63 will displ
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Physical reproduction 65 As there i
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Physical reproduction 67 However, t
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Data quality Physical reproduction
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Physical reproduction 71 In some ca
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Physical reproduction 73 Overhangin
Page 88 and 89: Physical reproduction 75 5.10 SL mo
Page 90 and 91: Physical reproduction 77 5.12 Selec
Page 92 and 93: 5.13 A Perfactory ® model of a man
Page 94 and 95: 5.15 FDM TM model of the mandible.
Page 96 and 97: Table 5.3 Advantages and disadvanta
Page 98 and 99: Physical reproduction 85 In medical
Page 100 and 101: Table 5.5 Advantages and disadvanta
Page 102 and 103: 5.7 Jetting head technology 5.7.1 P
Page 104 and 105: 5.23 ThermoJet ® model of the mand
Page 106 and 107: 5.24 LOM TM model of the mandible.
Page 108 and 109: 5.26 LOM TM model of a partial face
Page 110 and 111: 6 Case studies The following case s
Page 112 and 113: IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Implementation c
Page 114 and 115: Post model Hospital department Pati
Page 116 and 117: Case studies 103 When using this so
Page 118 and 119: Case studies 105 (Mimics). Image ma
Page 120 and 121: Case studies 107 full co-operation
Page 122 and 123: Case studies 109 communication and
Page 124 and 125: • to achieve patient’s agreemen
Page 126 and 127: 6.2.4 Rapid prototyping technologie
Page 128 and 129: Case studies 115 not be suitable. A
Page 130 and 131: Case studies 117 scale of the data
Page 132 and 133: 6.7 SL model with signifi cant stai
Page 134 and 135: Case studies 121 6.9a Smooth surfac
Page 136 and 137: Case studies 123 slice editing of t
Page 140 and 141: Case studies 127 18. Williams R J,
Page 142 and 143: Case studies 129 and passing throug
Page 144 and 145: Case studies 131 6.14 The effect of
Page 146 and 147: Case studies 133 6.18 The block ove
Page 148 and 149: Case studies 135 create template (3
Page 150 and 151: 6.4.3 Materials and methods Case st
Page 152 and 153: 6.22 Resected bone compared to SLA
Page 154 and 155: Case studies 141 9. Robinson R P, C
Page 156 and 157: Case studies 143 multi-plane reform
Page 158 and 159: Case studies 145 6.25 The custom ti
Page 160 and 161: Case studies 147 6.28 Plain radiogr
Page 162 and 163: Case studies 149 reproduction of ex
Page 164 and 165: Case studies 151 manner. The softwa
Page 166 and 167: Case studies 153 surface on which t
Page 168 and 169: 6.33 The guide being fi tted to the
Page 170 and 171: Case studies 157 The more fundament
Page 172 and 173: Case studies 159 25. Sarment D P, A
Page 174 and 175: 6.37 Stereolithography models. 6.38
Page 176 and 177: Case studies 163 6.41 Merged pre- a
Page 178 and 179: REHABILITATION APPLICATIONS 6.8 Reh
Page 180 and 181: 6.8.3 Methods Preliminary trial of
Page 182 and 183: Case studies 169 prototyping system
Page 184 and 185: Case studies 171 The aperture for t
Page 186 and 187: Case studies 173 7. Manners C R (19
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Case studies 175 during the acquisi
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6.46 Smoothing the data (exaggerate
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6.49 Plaster fi lled SL mould. Case
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Case studies 181 diffi cult for hos
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Case studies 183 extremely diffi cu
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Case studies 185 back as shown in F
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6.54 The result of the Boolean subt
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6.56 The SLA model of the plate. Ca
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6.59 SLA implant on SLA model of de
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Case studies 193 In the near future
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Case studies 195 anatomical forms a
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Case studies 197 Establishing the c
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Case studies 199 6.63 The rough (a)
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Case studies 201 The fi nal prosthe
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Case studies 203 grating the techno
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Case studies 205 6.12 Rehabilitatio
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Case studies 207 • Data capture N
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Case studies 209 placement of two i
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Case studies 211 technique that has
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Case studies 213 6.72 The bar locat
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Case studies 215 Stereolithography
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Case studies 217 authors intend to
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Case studies 219 17. Kau C H, Zhuro
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Case studies 221 310, Sainte-Foy, Q
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6.77a The physically surveyed cast.
Page 238 and 239:
Creation of relief Case studies 225
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6.81 Construction curves. Case stud
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6.83 The support structure in 3D Li
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Finishing Case studies 231 The cast
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Case studies 233 6.14 Rehabilitatio
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6.86 The RPD framework designed in
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Second experiment Case studies 237
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Case studies 239 6.90 Close up view
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Table 6.2 Process steps and associa
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Case studies 243 9. Budtz-Jorgensen
Page 258 and 259:
Case studies 245 micro-computed tom
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Case studies 247 supports became av
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Case studies 249 However, the probl
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6.96 Model of one of the samples su
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6.15.9 Reference Case studies 253 1
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Case studies 255 mummies. Mimics so
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Case studies 257 6.101 3D reconstru
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Case studies 259 6.103 The stages o
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6.16.5 Conclusions Case studies 261
Page 276 and 277:
Case studies 263 the patient’s de
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Case studies 265 and sharp radii re
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Suitable technologies identifi ed C
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Case studies 269 6.107 A close-up p
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6.110 The selected region of facial
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Case studies 273 patterns were buil
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Case studies 275 7. Cheah C M, Chua
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Future developments 277 slices to b
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Future developments 279 ments that
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Glossary and explanatory notes 281
Page 296 and 297:
Glossary and explanatory notes 283
Page 298 and 299:
Further reading on anatomy Last’s
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Fundamentals of Facial Prosthetics
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Rapid Prototyping and Tooling Resea
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Contacts 3D Systems 26081 Avenue Ha
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Marcam Engineering GmbH Fahrenheits
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3D Lightyear TM 229, 247, 249-51, 2
Page 310:
Removable Partial Denture 219-20, 2
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4.10 A three-dimensional shaded ima
Page 315:
6.41 Merged pre- and post-operative
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