R_Bibb_Medical_Modelling_The_Application_of_Adv.pdf

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Case studies 255 mummies. Mimics software (Materialise NV, Technologielaan 15, 3001 Leuven, Belgium) was instrumental in importing, segmenting, cleaning and outputting the required fi les in order to produce the three-dimensional model fi les for visualisation and manufacture. The physical models of the skulls were produced by stereolithography (8). Stereolithography is increasingly used to produce models of patients with many medical conditions and has subsequently been applied to other archaeological and palaeontological remains (9–11). Stereolithography and Laminated Object Manufacture (LOM TM – see Section 5.8) were used to reproduce physical models of some objects that were wrapped up with the mummy. 6.16.4 Case study Mimics software is typically used in medicine to segment CT data to isolate the tissue of interest. Frequently the tissue of interest is bone. This is accomplished by using the ‘threshold’ functions to select the appropriate limits of density and the numerous editing and segmentation tools to make adjustments to ensure the desired bone structures are isolated. In contrast, when attempting the fi rst case, ‘Jeni’, a number of challenges made accurate reconstruction of the bony anatomy extremely challenging. In living patients, the difference in density between bone and the adjacent soft tissues is quite marked. This allows the segmentation of bone to be performed relatively easily. However, in these ancient Egyptian mummy cases, all of the soft tissues were completely desiccated by the mummifi cation process. This resulted in the soft tissue remains having an artifi cially high density compared to the remaining bone (see Figs 6.99 and 6.100). This effect is confounded by the demineralisation of some bone structures, also resulting from the mummifi cation process. Therefore, performing the segmentation by density-threshold only results in a poor three-dimensional reconstruction. It loses some data from the skull whilst including unwanted elements of desiccated soft tissue. This effect can be seen in the reconstruction on the left of Fig. 6.101. In previous image reconstructions, higher thresholds had been used to try to eliminate some of the desiccated soft tissue remains. Although this improves matters, it results in the loss of low-density bone structures whilst some soft-tissue structures remain. In addition, the high-density artifi cial objects also remained present in the eyes, mouth and neck. To produce a model of the skull from this data would have resulted in gaps in the surface of the skull and the absence of some of the more delicate bone structures. For example, gaps could be seen in the temporal bone and zygoma (cheekbones), and the soft tissue of the ears is still present. As facial reconstruction depends on imposing known depths of soft tissue on to the facial bones, these defects would make the whole process more diffi cult and less reliable.
256 Medical modelling 6.99 Profi le through the skull and ear of ‘Jeni’. 1831 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 6.100 Graph of density through the profi le. 1250
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Medical modelling
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Medical modelling The application o
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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgement
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Contents vii 6.10 Rehabilitation ap
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x Preface Therefore, it is hoped th
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1.1 Background 1 Introduction The p
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Introduction 3 Whilst this book is
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Long axis 1.1 The anatomical positi
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Introduction 7 1.3 The major refere
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Medical imaging for rapid prototypi
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2.2.3 Anatomical coverage Medical i
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2.6 X-ray scatter artefact in a CT
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2.9 Close up of noise. Medical imag
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2.12 Smooth data. Medical imaging f
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1 Medical imaging for rapid prototy
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Export data format and media 33 (NE
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3.3 Media Export data format and me
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4.1 Pixel data operations 4 Working
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4.3 Effect of a high threshold. 4.4
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Working with medical scan data 41 4
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Working with medical scan data 45 S
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4.4 Two-dimensional formats Working
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Working with medical scan data 51 I
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4.18 Close up view showing facets.
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5.1 Background to rapid prototyping
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Physical reproduction 61 developing
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Physical reproduction 63 will displ
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Physical reproduction 65 As there i
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Physical reproduction 67 However, t
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Data quality Physical reproduction
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Physical reproduction 71 In some ca
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Physical reproduction 73 Overhangin
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Physical reproduction 75 5.10 SL mo
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Physical reproduction 77 5.12 Selec
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5.13 A Perfactory ® model of a man
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5.15 FDM TM model of the mandible.
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Table 5.3 Advantages and disadvanta
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Physical reproduction 85 In medical
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Table 5.5 Advantages and disadvanta
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5.7 Jetting head technology 5.7.1 P
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5.23 ThermoJet ® model of the mand
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5.24 LOM TM model of the mandible.
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5.26 LOM TM model of a partial face
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6 Case studies The following case s
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IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Implementation c
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Post model Hospital department Pati
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Case studies 103 When using this so
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Case studies 105 (Mimics). Image ma
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Case studies 107 full co-operation
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Case studies 109 communication and
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• to achieve patient’s agreemen
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6.2.4 Rapid prototyping technologie
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Case studies 115 not be suitable. A
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Case studies 117 scale of the data
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6.7 SL model with signifi cant stai
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Case studies 121 6.9a Smooth surfac
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Case studies 123 slice editing of t
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Case studies 125 6.12 Removal of bo
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Case studies 127 18. Williams R J,
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Case studies 129 and passing throug
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Case studies 131 6.14 The effect of
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Case studies 133 6.18 The block ove
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Case studies 135 create template (3
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6.4.3 Materials and methods Case st
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6.22 Resected bone compared to SLA
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Case studies 141 9. Robinson R P, C
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Case studies 143 multi-plane reform
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Case studies 145 6.25 The custom ti
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Case studies 147 6.28 Plain radiogr
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Case studies 149 reproduction of ex
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Case studies 151 manner. The softwa
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Case studies 153 surface on which t
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6.33 The guide being fi tted to the
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Case studies 157 The more fundament
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Case studies 159 25. Sarment D P, A
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6.37 Stereolithography models. 6.38
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Case studies 163 6.41 Merged pre- a
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REHABILITATION APPLICATIONS 6.8 Reh
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6.8.3 Methods Preliminary trial of
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Case studies 169 prototyping system
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Case studies 171 The aperture for t
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Case studies 173 7. Manners C R (19
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Case studies 175 during the acquisi
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6.46 Smoothing the data (exaggerate
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6.49 Plaster fi lled SL mould. Case
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Case studies 181 diffi cult for hos
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Case studies 183 extremely diffi cu
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Case studies 185 back as shown in F
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6.54 The result of the Boolean subt
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6.56 The SLA model of the plate. Ca
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6.59 SLA implant on SLA model of de
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Case studies 193 In the near future
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Case studies 195 anatomical forms a
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Case studies 197 Establishing the c
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Case studies 199 6.63 The rough (a)
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Case studies 201 The fi nal prosthe
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Case studies 203 grating the techno
Page 218 and 219: Case studies 205 6.12 Rehabilitatio
Page 220 and 221: Case studies 207 • Data capture N
Page 222 and 223: Case studies 209 placement of two i
Page 224 and 225: Case studies 211 technique that has
Page 226 and 227: Case studies 213 6.72 The bar locat
Page 228 and 229: Case studies 215 Stereolithography
Page 230 and 231: Case studies 217 authors intend to
Page 232 and 233: Case studies 219 17. Kau C H, Zhuro
Page 234 and 235: Case studies 221 310, Sainte-Foy, Q
Page 236 and 237: 6.77a The physically surveyed cast.
Page 238 and 239: Creation of relief Case studies 225
Page 240 and 241: 6.81 Construction curves. Case stud
Page 242 and 243: 6.83 The support structure in 3D Li
Page 244 and 245: Finishing Case studies 231 The cast
Page 246 and 247: Case studies 233 6.14 Rehabilitatio
Page 248 and 249: 6.86 The RPD framework designed in
Page 250 and 251: Second experiment Case studies 237
Page 252 and 253: Case studies 239 6.90 Close up view
Page 254 and 255: Table 6.2 Process steps and associa
Page 256 and 257: Case studies 243 9. Budtz-Jorgensen
Page 258 and 259: Case studies 245 micro-computed tom
Page 260 and 261: Case studies 247 supports became av
Page 262 and 263: Case studies 249 However, the probl
Page 264 and 265: 6.96 Model of one of the samples su
Page 266 and 267: 6.15.9 Reference Case studies 253 1
Page 270 and 271: Case studies 257 6.101 3D reconstru
Page 272 and 273: Case studies 259 6.103 The stages o
Page 274 and 275: 6.16.5 Conclusions Case studies 261
Page 276 and 277: Case studies 263 the patient’s de
Page 278 and 279: Case studies 265 and sharp radii re
Page 280 and 281: Suitable technologies identifi ed C
Page 282 and 283: Case studies 269 6.107 A close-up p
Page 284 and 285: 6.110 The selected region of facial
Page 286 and 287: Case studies 273 patterns were buil
Page 288 and 289: Case studies 275 7. Cheah C M, Chua
Page 290 and 291: Future developments 277 slices to b
Page 292 and 293: Future developments 279 ments that
Page 294 and 295: Glossary and explanatory notes 281
Page 296 and 297: Glossary and explanatory notes 283
Page 298 and 299: Further reading on anatomy Last’s
Page 300 and 301: Fundamentals of Facial Prosthetics
Page 302 and 303: Rapid Prototyping and Tooling Resea
Page 304 and 305: Contacts 3D Systems 26081 Avenue Ha
Page 306 and 307: Marcam Engineering GmbH Fahrenheits
Page 308 and 309: 3D Lightyear TM 229, 247, 249-51, 2
Page 310: Removable Partial Denture 219-20, 2
Page 313 and 314: 4.10 A three-dimensional shaded ima
Page 315: 6.41 Merged pre- and post-operative
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