R_Bibb_Medical_Modelling_The_Application_of_Adv.pdf

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5.23 ThermoJet ® model of the mandible. Physical reproduction 91 also been developed for the Objet process. The advantages and disadvantages of jetting head technology are summarised in Table 5.7. 5.8 Laminated Object Manufacture (LOM TM ) 5.8.1 Principle Inert, fl at sheet materials are cut to the profi le of a layer. Fresh material is bonded onto the previous layer and the next profi le is cut. The layer thickness is dependent on the thickness of the sheet material. 5.8.2 Detail The LOM TM process was originally developed by Helisys Inc. (Helisys Inc., of Torrance, California, USA ceased trading and was replaced by Cubic Technologies Inc., 1000 E Dominguez St, Carson CA 90746-3608, USA). Helisys machines make models by cutting layers of paper with a laser using
92 Medical modelling Table 5.7 Advantages and disadvantages of jetting head techology Advantages Disadvantages Cheaper, smaller machines Low accuracy (ThermoJet ® ) Easy to use Fragile models (ThermoJet ® , Solidscape) Suitable for offi ce environment Slow build times (Solidscape) Thin layers Fast build times (ThermoJet ® , InVision TM SR) High accuracy (Solidscape, InVision TM HR) Transparent models (Objet) Medically appropriate material (Objet) an X-Y plotter mechanism. Build time is relatively quick as only the perimeter of the layers is drawn. Builds can be speeded up by cutting more than one layer of paper at a time; the paper is nominally 0.1 mm thick. The paper is adhesive backed and the layers are adhered by a heated roller. The paper is fed from a roll and passes over the build table; unused paper is taken up by another roll. The laser cuts a support wall enclosing the model; material that is outside the model and inside the support wall is cut into squares. The build table lowers, fresh paper is fed over the top of the build and heat bonded, and the next layer is cut and so on. When the model is complete, the block is removed from the table and the support wall is removed. The waste material is broken away to reveal the model. A typical LOM TM medical model is shown in Fig. 5.24. To obtain a cut that penetrates only one layer of paper requires the speed of travel and laser power to be adjusted manually. Good bonding between layers depends on the compression, temperature and speed of travel of the heated roller, which is again adjusted manually until it is satisfactory. These require regular checking and, generally, the machine needs a lot of maintenance. Extraction of the smoke produced creates a tolerable amount of noise. Although there is a certain amount of waste material, the paper is relatively cheap. Helisys machines are increasingly uncommon and not available in some markets, although many are still in operation around the world. The Kira system (Kira Europe GmbH, Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 8-10, D-40699 Erkrath, Germany) is similar except that the paper is fed in sheet form by a photocopier mechanism; the adhesive is applied (as toner would be in a photocopier). A hot plate bonds the layers and cutting is by carbide knife using an X-Y plotter mechanism. There may be advantages to this approach compared to the Helisys method. Most notably, less lateral stress is induced on bonding because the hot plate presses evenly downwards as opposed to the roller, which imparts a lateral force as it travels across the model. There
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Medical modelling
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Medical modelling The application o
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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgement
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Contents vii 6.10 Rehabilitation ap
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x Preface Therefore, it is hoped th
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1.1 Background 1 Introduction The p
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Introduction 3 Whilst this book is
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Long axis 1.1 The anatomical positi
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Introduction 7 1.3 The major refere
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Medical imaging for rapid prototypi
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2.2.3 Anatomical coverage Medical i
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2.6 X-ray scatter artefact in a CT
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2.9 Close up of noise. Medical imag
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2.12 Smooth data. Medical imaging f
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1 Medical imaging for rapid prototy
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Export data format and media 33 (NE
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3.3 Media Export data format and me
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4.1 Pixel data operations 4 Working
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4.3 Effect of a high threshold. 4.4
Page 54 and 55: Working with medical scan data 41 4
Page 58 and 59: Working with medical scan data 45 S
Page 60 and 61: 4.4 Two-dimensional formats Working
Page 64 and 65: Working with medical scan data 51 I
Page 66 and 67: 4.18 Close up view showing facets.
Page 72 and 73: 5.1 Background to rapid prototyping
Page 74 and 75: Physical reproduction 61 developing
Page 76 and 77: Physical reproduction 63 will displ
Page 78 and 79: Physical reproduction 65 As there i
Page 80 and 81: Physical reproduction 67 However, t
Page 82 and 83: Data quality Physical reproduction
Page 84 and 85: Physical reproduction 71 In some ca
Page 86 and 87: Physical reproduction 73 Overhangin
Page 88 and 89: Physical reproduction 75 5.10 SL mo
Page 90 and 91: Physical reproduction 77 5.12 Selec
Page 92 and 93: 5.13 A Perfactory ® model of a man
Page 94 and 95: 5.15 FDM TM model of the mandible.
Page 96 and 97: Table 5.3 Advantages and disadvanta
Page 98 and 99: Physical reproduction 85 In medical
Page 100 and 101: Table 5.5 Advantages and disadvanta
Page 102 and 103: 5.7 Jetting head technology 5.7.1 P
Page 106 and 107: 5.24 LOM TM model of the mandible.
Page 108 and 109: 5.26 LOM TM model of a partial face
Page 110 and 111: 6 Case studies The following case s
Page 112 and 113: IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Implementation c
Page 114 and 115: Post model Hospital department Pati
Page 116 and 117: Case studies 103 When using this so
Page 118 and 119: Case studies 105 (Mimics). Image ma
Page 120 and 121: Case studies 107 full co-operation
Page 122 and 123: Case studies 109 communication and
Page 124 and 125: • to achieve patient’s agreemen
Page 126 and 127: 6.2.4 Rapid prototyping technologie
Page 128 and 129: Case studies 115 not be suitable. A
Page 130 and 131: Case studies 117 scale of the data
Page 132 and 133: 6.7 SL model with signifi cant stai
Page 134 and 135: Case studies 121 6.9a Smooth surfac
Page 136 and 137: Case studies 123 slice editing of t
Page 138 and 139: Case studies 125 6.12 Removal of bo
Page 140 and 141: Case studies 127 18. Williams R J,
Page 142 and 143: Case studies 129 and passing throug
Page 144 and 145: Case studies 131 6.14 The effect of
Page 146 and 147: Case studies 133 6.18 The block ove
Page 148 and 149: Case studies 135 create template (3
Page 150 and 151: 6.4.3 Materials and methods Case st
Page 152 and 153: 6.22 Resected bone compared to SLA
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Case studies 141 9. Robinson R P, C
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Case studies 143 multi-plane reform
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Case studies 145 6.25 The custom ti
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Case studies 147 6.28 Plain radiogr
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Case studies 149 reproduction of ex
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Case studies 151 manner. The softwa
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Case studies 153 surface on which t
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6.33 The guide being fi tted to the
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Case studies 157 The more fundament
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Case studies 159 25. Sarment D P, A
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6.37 Stereolithography models. 6.38
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Case studies 163 6.41 Merged pre- a
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REHABILITATION APPLICATIONS 6.8 Reh
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6.8.3 Methods Preliminary trial of
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Case studies 169 prototyping system
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Case studies 171 The aperture for t
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Case studies 173 7. Manners C R (19
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Case studies 175 during the acquisi
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6.46 Smoothing the data (exaggerate
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6.49 Plaster fi lled SL mould. Case
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Case studies 181 diffi cult for hos
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Case studies 183 extremely diffi cu
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Case studies 185 back as shown in F
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6.54 The result of the Boolean subt
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6.56 The SLA model of the plate. Ca
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6.59 SLA implant on SLA model of de
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Case studies 193 In the near future
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Case studies 195 anatomical forms a
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Case studies 197 Establishing the c
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Case studies 199 6.63 The rough (a)
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Case studies 201 The fi nal prosthe
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Case studies 203 grating the techno
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Case studies 205 6.12 Rehabilitatio
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Case studies 207 • Data capture N
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Case studies 209 placement of two i
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Case studies 211 technique that has
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Case studies 213 6.72 The bar locat
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Case studies 215 Stereolithography
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Case studies 217 authors intend to
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Case studies 219 17. Kau C H, Zhuro
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Case studies 221 310, Sainte-Foy, Q
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6.77a The physically surveyed cast.
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Creation of relief Case studies 225
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6.81 Construction curves. Case stud
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6.83 The support structure in 3D Li
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Finishing Case studies 231 The cast
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Case studies 233 6.14 Rehabilitatio
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6.86 The RPD framework designed in
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Second experiment Case studies 237
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Case studies 239 6.90 Close up view
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Table 6.2 Process steps and associa
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Case studies 243 9. Budtz-Jorgensen
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Case studies 245 micro-computed tom
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Case studies 247 supports became av
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Case studies 249 However, the probl
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6.96 Model of one of the samples su
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6.15.9 Reference Case studies 253 1
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Case studies 255 mummies. Mimics so
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Case studies 257 6.101 3D reconstru
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Case studies 259 6.103 The stages o
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6.16.5 Conclusions Case studies 261
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Case studies 263 the patient’s de
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Case studies 265 and sharp radii re
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Suitable technologies identifi ed C
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Case studies 269 6.107 A close-up p
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6.110 The selected region of facial
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Case studies 273 patterns were buil
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Case studies 275 7. Cheah C M, Chua
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Future developments 277 slices to b
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Future developments 279 ments that
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Glossary and explanatory notes 281
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Glossary and explanatory notes 283
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Further reading on anatomy Last’s
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Fundamentals of Facial Prosthetics
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Rapid Prototyping and Tooling Resea
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Contacts 3D Systems 26081 Avenue Ha
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Marcam Engineering GmbH Fahrenheits
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3D Lightyear TM 229, 247, 249-51, 2
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Removable Partial Denture 219-20, 2
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4.10 A three-dimensional shaded ima
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6.41 Merged pre- and post-operative
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