R_Bibb_Medical_Modelling_The_Application_of_Adv.pdf

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Case studies 143 multi-plane reformats for bony detail and three-dimensional imaging for both hard-copy imaging and for stereo viewing by the surgeons. Model construction and stereolithography CT scans are typically taken in the axial plane at intervals exceeding 1 mm. This means that very thin bone lying predominantly in the axial plane may fall between consecutive scans and, therefore, may not be present in the data or three-dimensional model created from it. To overcome this, scans were taken using a smooth kernel at a slice distance of 1 mm but with a 0.5 mm overlap as described above. This improves the resolution of the data in these thin areas. The detail created is exceptionally good. The CT data was then segmented to select the desired tissue type, compact bone, using methods described in Sections 4.1 and 4.2. The production of models using stereolithography is described fully in Section 5.2. In this case, to maintain the greatest level of accuracy an epoxy resin was chosen (RenShape ® SL5220, Huntsman Advanced Materials, Everslaan 45, B-3078 Everberg, Belgium). This type of resin shows almost no shrinkage during the photo-polymerisation process and can, therefore, produce models with excellent accuracy. Construction of the prosthesis From stereolithography models, the orbital defect is easily seen and assessed. The orbital defect is then fi lled with wax to reproduce a contour similar to the opposite side and an impression is taken of both orbital cavities using silicone putty impression material. The orbital injury side is then reproduced by pouring a hard plaster/stone model. The defect has been fi lled and, therefore, appears in its proposed reconstructed form. Using pressure fl asks usually used in the construction of dentures, a layer of 0.5 mm medicalgrade titanium is swaged onto the stone/plaster model of the orbital fl oor, producing an exact replica of the proposed orbital fl oor and rim contour. The titanium sheet may then be trimmed to allow suffi cient overlap and the positioning of a fl ange to fi x the screws. The prosthesis is polished and sterilised for use according to local protocols for titanium implants. 6.5.4 Case report A 54-year-old man sustained a ‘blow out’ fracture of the left orbital fl oor and presented with diplopia (double vision) and restriction of upward gaze. Coronal plane CT scanning demonstrated the fracture (Fig. 6.23). A stereolithography model was constructed which shows the trap door of the fractured orbital fl oor well (Fig. 6.24). The model was then used for
144 Medical modelling 6.23 Coronal CT scan demonstrating classic orbital blow-out fracture. 6.24 Stereolithographic model constructed from epoxy resin showing the ‘trap door’ defect in the left orbital fl oor, viewed from below as if in the maxillary antrum looking up (lateral margins of the defect indicated with small arrows, under surface of zygomatic arch indicated with single large arrow). construction of a plaster cast of the orbital defect. A medical-grade titanium prosthesis was constructed from this working cast (Fig. 6.25). The prosthesis was packaged and sterilised by the hospital central sterile supplies department according to standard protocols for titanium medical implants.
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Medical modelling
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Medical modelling The application o
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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgement
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Contents vii 6.10 Rehabilitation ap
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x Preface Therefore, it is hoped th
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1.1 Background 1 Introduction The p
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Introduction 3 Whilst this book is
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Long axis 1.1 The anatomical positi
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Introduction 7 1.3 The major refere
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Medical imaging for rapid prototypi
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2.2.3 Anatomical coverage Medical i
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2.6 X-ray scatter artefact in a CT
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2.9 Close up of noise. Medical imag
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2.12 Smooth data. Medical imaging f
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1 Medical imaging for rapid prototy
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Export data format and media 33 (NE
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3.3 Media Export data format and me
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4.1 Pixel data operations 4 Working
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4.3 Effect of a high threshold. 4.4
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Working with medical scan data 41 4
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Working with medical scan data 45 S
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4.4 Two-dimensional formats Working
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Working with medical scan data 51 I
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4.18 Close up view showing facets.
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5.1 Background to rapid prototyping
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Physical reproduction 61 developing
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Physical reproduction 63 will displ
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Physical reproduction 65 As there i
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Physical reproduction 67 However, t
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Data quality Physical reproduction
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Physical reproduction 71 In some ca
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Physical reproduction 73 Overhangin
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Physical reproduction 75 5.10 SL mo
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Physical reproduction 77 5.12 Selec
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5.13 A Perfactory ® model of a man
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5.15 FDM TM model of the mandible.
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Table 5.3 Advantages and disadvanta
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Physical reproduction 85 In medical
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Table 5.5 Advantages and disadvanta
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5.7 Jetting head technology 5.7.1 P
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5.23 ThermoJet ® model of the mand
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Page 108 and 109: 5.26 LOM TM model of a partial face
Page 110 and 111: 6 Case studies The following case s
Page 112 and 113: IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 Implementation c
Page 114 and 115: Post model Hospital department Pati
Page 116 and 117: Case studies 103 When using this so
Page 118 and 119: Case studies 105 (Mimics). Image ma
Page 120 and 121: Case studies 107 full co-operation
Page 122 and 123: Case studies 109 communication and
Page 124 and 125: • to achieve patient’s agreemen
Page 126 and 127: 6.2.4 Rapid prototyping technologie
Page 128 and 129: Case studies 115 not be suitable. A
Page 130 and 131: Case studies 117 scale of the data
Page 132 and 133: 6.7 SL model with signifi cant stai
Page 134 and 135: Case studies 121 6.9a Smooth surfac
Page 136 and 137: Case studies 123 slice editing of t
Page 138 and 139: Case studies 125 6.12 Removal of bo
Page 140 and 141: Case studies 127 18. Williams R J,
Page 142 and 143: Case studies 129 and passing throug
Page 144 and 145: Case studies 131 6.14 The effect of
Page 146 and 147: Case studies 133 6.18 The block ove
Page 148 and 149: Case studies 135 create template (3
Page 150 and 151: 6.4.3 Materials and methods Case st
Page 152 and 153: 6.22 Resected bone compared to SLA
Page 154 and 155: Case studies 141 9. Robinson R P, C
Page 158 and 159: Case studies 145 6.25 The custom ti
Page 160 and 161: Case studies 147 6.28 Plain radiogr
Page 162 and 163: Case studies 149 reproduction of ex
Page 164 and 165: Case studies 151 manner. The softwa
Page 166 and 167: Case studies 153 surface on which t
Page 168 and 169: 6.33 The guide being fi tted to the
Page 170 and 171: Case studies 157 The more fundament
Page 172 and 173: Case studies 159 25. Sarment D P, A
Page 174 and 175: 6.37 Stereolithography models. 6.38
Page 176 and 177: Case studies 163 6.41 Merged pre- a
Page 178 and 179: REHABILITATION APPLICATIONS 6.8 Reh
Page 180 and 181: 6.8.3 Methods Preliminary trial of
Page 182 and 183: Case studies 169 prototyping system
Page 184 and 185: Case studies 171 The aperture for t
Page 186 and 187: Case studies 173 7. Manners C R (19
Page 188 and 189: Case studies 175 during the acquisi
Page 190 and 191: 6.46 Smoothing the data (exaggerate
Page 192 and 193: 6.49 Plaster fi lled SL mould. Case
Page 194 and 195: Case studies 181 diffi cult for hos
Page 196 and 197: Case studies 183 extremely diffi cu
Page 198 and 199: Case studies 185 back as shown in F
Page 200 and 201: 6.54 The result of the Boolean subt
Page 202 and 203: 6.56 The SLA model of the plate. Ca
Page 204 and 205: 6.59 SLA implant on SLA model of de
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Case studies 193 In the near future
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Case studies 195 anatomical forms a
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Case studies 197 Establishing the c
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Case studies 199 6.63 The rough (a)
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Case studies 201 The fi nal prosthe
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Case studies 203 grating the techno
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Case studies 205 6.12 Rehabilitatio
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Case studies 207 • Data capture N
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Case studies 209 placement of two i
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Case studies 211 technique that has
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Case studies 213 6.72 The bar locat
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Case studies 215 Stereolithography
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Case studies 217 authors intend to
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Case studies 219 17. Kau C H, Zhuro
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Case studies 221 310, Sainte-Foy, Q
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6.77a The physically surveyed cast.
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Creation of relief Case studies 225
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6.81 Construction curves. Case stud
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6.83 The support structure in 3D Li
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Finishing Case studies 231 The cast
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Case studies 233 6.14 Rehabilitatio
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6.86 The RPD framework designed in
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Second experiment Case studies 237
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Case studies 239 6.90 Close up view
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Table 6.2 Process steps and associa
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Case studies 243 9. Budtz-Jorgensen
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Case studies 245 micro-computed tom
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Case studies 247 supports became av
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Case studies 249 However, the probl
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6.96 Model of one of the samples su
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6.15.9 Reference Case studies 253 1
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Case studies 255 mummies. Mimics so
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Case studies 257 6.101 3D reconstru
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Case studies 259 6.103 The stages o
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6.16.5 Conclusions Case studies 261
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Case studies 263 the patient’s de
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Case studies 265 and sharp radii re
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Suitable technologies identifi ed C
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Case studies 269 6.107 A close-up p
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6.110 The selected region of facial
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Case studies 273 patterns were buil
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Case studies 275 7. Cheah C M, Chua
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Future developments 277 slices to b
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Future developments 279 ments that
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Glossary and explanatory notes 281
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Glossary and explanatory notes 283
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Further reading on anatomy Last’s
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Fundamentals of Facial Prosthetics
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Rapid Prototyping and Tooling Resea
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Contacts 3D Systems 26081 Avenue Ha
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Marcam Engineering GmbH Fahrenheits
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3D Lightyear TM 229, 247, 249-51, 2
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Removable Partial Denture 219-20, 2
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4.10 A three-dimensional shaded ima
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6.41 Merged pre- and post-operative
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