R_Bibb_Medical_Modelling_The_Application_of_Adv.pdf
R_Bibb_Medical_Modelling_The_Application_of_Adv.pdf
R_Bibb_Medical_Modelling_The_Application_of_Adv.pdf
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Case studies 207<br />
• Data capture Non-contact surface scanning to digitise the surface <strong>of</strong><br />
the affected anatomy<br />
Various structured white light scanners, laser scanners,<br />
computerised photogrammetry<br />
• Design Flexible CAD s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />
FreeForm ® (SensAble Technologies Inc., 15 Constitution<br />
Way, Woburn, MA 01801, USA); Magics (Materialise<br />
NV, Technologielaan 15, 3001 Leuven, Belgium); Rhino<br />
Ceros ® (Robert McNeel & Associates, 3670 Woodland<br />
Park Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98103, USA, www.<br />
rhino3d.com)<br />
• Manufacture RP processes<br />
<strong>The</strong>rmoJet ® wax printing (3D Systems Inc., 26081<br />
Avenue Hall, Valencia, CA 91355, USA, www.3dsystems.<br />
com); SLM TM (MCP-HEK GmbH SLM Tech Centre<br />
Paderbom, Hauptstrasse 35, 33178 Borchen, Germany,<br />
www.mcp-group.com/index.html); SLA ® (3D Systems<br />
Inc.), SLS ® (3D Systems Inc.) and various CNC machining<br />
processes<br />
<strong>The</strong> review <strong>of</strong> previous work has shown that these advanced techniques<br />
and technologies demonstrate a number <strong>of</strong> limitations and identifi ed a<br />
range <strong>of</strong> technical challenges. Specifi cally, there are three notable areas:<br />
the capture <strong>of</strong> data that describes the anatomy and implant abutment features,<br />
the design and alignment <strong>of</strong> the prosthesis components and the<br />
manufacture <strong>of</strong> components in appropriate materials.<br />
Data capture<br />
Although non-contact surface scanning technologies have been used to<br />
capture anatomical forms, limitations have also been identifi ed. Areas <strong>of</strong><br />
hair, undercut surfaces, highly refl ective surfaces and patient movement<br />
cause poor results (3, 4, 5, 6). Insuffi cient data resolution and errors in the<br />
form <strong>of</strong> ‘noise’ also limit the ability <strong>of</strong> scanning technologies to capture<br />
sharp edges and small geometrical features at the scale required (16). <strong>The</strong><br />
ideal scanning technology must, therefore, be capable <strong>of</strong> capturing both<br />
anatomical surfaces and implant components with suffi cient accuracy, resolution<br />
and speed to overcome these limitations.<br />
Design<br />
In order to design the various components <strong>of</strong> the prosthesis such that they<br />
accurately fi t together using CAD, the operator must be able to import,<br />
manipulate, create and align both anatomical and geometric forms.
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