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COAL utilities are prepared to install CCT only if the re lated costs are competitive, particularly with natural gas, and if the technological advantages have been demonstrated. All respondents to the CIAB questionnaire believed that coal was an important long-term ele ment of a balanced, secure, fuel supply portfolio for power generation. The use of coal for power generation was considered essential to the con tinued economic growth of many countries. There is considerable power utility interest in ad vanced CCTs which potentially provide a sig nificant commercial opportunity. However, a key concern was the high capital cost of CCT-as defined for the purposes of this report. CCT was currently seen as too expensive and hence a major barrier to its commercial application. Several respondents emphasized the substantial environmental benefits that can be achieved by the wider application of currently available state- of-the-art pulverized coal generating tech nologies combined with flue gas desulfurization, and low NOx burner technology. Most power utilities indicated that they will utilize CCT when the technologies are adequately demonstrated, the economics are attractive and the environmental performance needs have been proved to be needed. But, because these tech nologies are currently too expensive, caution is needed in raising commercial realities. expectations in advance of In this regard, several power utilities wish to see substantial operating experience (several years) with CCTs from a number of commercial demonstration plants before being satisfied on commercial aspects, in particular, their long-term performance. Others would accept a much shorter probationary period. It is clear however that, at the moment, many utilities are concerned by the lack of a proven track record of truly commercial-scale operation from which the operational reliability could be established. and overall performance 4-24 Barriers to the commercial deployment of CCT were regarded as being a function of the per ceived risk-which would be minimized by the demonstration plants under construction in various countries. Figure 1 shows the develop ment status of IGCC. Most power utilities saw the Buggenum plant in The Netherlands as a cru cial test of IGCC, particularly with respect to reliability, availability and maintenance aspects. Some utilities believed that the global wanning Issue damages the prospects for CCT. While higher efficiency is the most immediately avail able option for controlling emissions of C02 from coal-fired generation-paradoxically, the global warming discussion hinders the introduction of higher efficiency, environmentally friendly CCTs as long as sufficient natural gas is available. It was suggested that all new technology of sig nificance requires considerable government sup port in its early formative years. Examples in clude nuclear power, the space and aircraft in dustry, electronics and communications. So far, most of the development of CCTs had been un dertaken by private industry. It was felt, by the majority, the governments could be doing more to hasten the commercial introduction of CCTs. Encouragement and assistance with commercial demonstration projects, "fast track" regulatory conditions and some form of risk sharing were areas where governments could play an impor tant future role. A minority of respondents were opposed to government involvement. It was considered that manufacturers had marketed their products effectively but that it was too early for aggressive marketing of products still considered to be in their infancy. In noting the negative image of coal, particularly with the general public, many respondents felt that considerable effort was now required to rec tify this by all participants in the coal chain. In particular, it was believed that the public and governments should be made aware not only of the considerable potential of new technologies capable of improving the environmental perfor- THE SYNTHETIC FUELS REPORT, JANUARY 1995
COAL FIGURE 1 STATUS OF ADVANCED COAL GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS Electrical Output MW 6OO-1 500- 400- 300- 200- 100- 1980 SOURCE: IEA Westfield rx (BG/Lurgi) ^ Plaquemine (Dow) Cool | Pennsylvania (KRW) Water0 \ 0Berrenrath 0 0 Virginia (U Gas) (Texaco) 0 (HTW) (^^Deer Park Furs^enhausen (Prenflo) 0 (Shell) 0Nakoso(NEDO) 1985 mance of coal combustion, but also of the practi cal issues impeding its early implementation. This was seen as an important element in promot ing CCT. Overall, based on the responses to the question naire, it was concluded that advanced CCTs such as IGCC show considerable potential but that further commercial demonstration and development are essential. Power utilities clearly see the potential benefits of enhanced environ mental and efficiency performance as advances over existing technology, however they are not prepared to pay extra for it, and are reluctant, indeed in most cases unwilling, to take the full commercial risks of early deployment. #### Puertollano (Prenflo) o O Borssele Kobra (H PSI 0 (Dow) Tampa (Texaco) {-J Buggenum (Shell) o w O Delaware (Texaco) Pilot Commercial Commercial Rant under planned ~ r 1990 1995 Year of Startup 4-25 construction 0 o 0 ; ) Gasification Technology Developer 2000 2005 TECHNOLOGY CO-GASIFICATION OF WASTES AND COAL ADDRESSED BY EC RESEARCH The European Commission (EC) established a short duration (1993/1994) multipartner col laborative program to evaluate the use of biomass, sewage sludge and other wastes as gasification co-feedstocks with coal. The program was outlined by A. Minchener of CRE Ltd. at the 13th EPRI Conference on Group Gasification Power Plants, held in San Francisco in October. Minchener states that, within the European union, there is a desire to ensure that coal utilization can THE SYNTHETIC FUELS REPORT, JANUARY 1995
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OIL SHALE COAL OIL SANDS NATURAL GA
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THE SINOR SYNTHETIC FUELS REPORT is
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INTERNATIONAL Oil Shale to Play Rol
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project AcnvrriES Shell MDS Product
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Amoco Primrose Lake Project Gets Gr
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Construction Begins on TECO's Polk
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GENERAL be even more cost-effective
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GENERAL assumed to occur, the suppl
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GENERAL nfflcant implications for a
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GENERAL needs in the next century.
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GENERAL IGT oxygen-blown system bas
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GENERAL VERMONT BIOMASS GASIFIER WI
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GENERAL 50 megawatts; 2) basing the
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GENERAL in the amount of nitrogen i
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COMING EVENTS JUNE 19-21 , CALGARY,
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OIL SHALE A December 1994 stock ana
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OIL SHALE FIGURE 2 HRS PILOT PLANT
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OIL SHALE 200 g 150 v a i a 100 10
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OIL SHALE the company. Earlier in 1
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OIL SHALE TABLE 1 ECONOMICS OF A 10
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OIL SHALE 3.8-centimeter diameter f
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OIL SHALE TABLE 1 ADSORPTION (MOL%)
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OIL SHALE UJ oc o CD 2 > CC tu > o
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OIL SHALE TABLE 1 OIL SHALE RF HEAT
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OIL SHALE , FIGURE 1 MAP OF MAIN OI
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OIL SHALE Timahdit TABLE 1 RESERVE
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OIL SHALE 2-24 THE SYNTHETIC FUELS
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STATUS OF OIL SHALE PROJECTS (Under
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STATUS OF OIL SHALE PROJECTS COMPLE
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STATUS OF OIL SHALE PROJECTS INDEX
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OIL SANDS The company said the larg
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OIL SANDS 12.0 million m3/yr level
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OIL SANDS TABLE 1 ACTUAL AND PREDIC
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0/L SANDS phalt Ridge, near Vernal,
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OIL SANDS ENERGY POLICY & FORECASTS
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OIL SANDS Reservoir/ Bitumen Proper
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OIL SANDS proved environmental miti
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OIL SANDS timized combination of th
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OIL SANDS Chakrabarty and Longo pre
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OIL SANDS Contents, Wt% of Tar Sand
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OIL SANDS results In increased poll
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OIL SANDS West Newport, USA at 33 y
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OIL SANDS was shown that the volume
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OIL SANDS FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE
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OIL SANDS As compared to SI, ISC re
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OIL SANDS 3-32 THE SYNTHETIC FUELS
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STATUS OF OIL SANDS PROJECTS (Under
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Page 132 and 133: STATUS OF OIL SANDS PROJECTS INDEX
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Page 136 and 137: COAL Removing that moisture is the
Page 138 and 139: COAL - NOx production: lower than 7
Page 140 and 141: COAL lav eotl ii - l! FIGURE 1 NEDO
Page 142 and 143: COAL Another one-third of the site
Page 144 and 145: COAL v.v C SOURCE: DOE Solid Waste
Page 146 and 147: COAL Re* Cetl In Flrod Heater Exeha
Page 148 and 149: COAL Proximate Analysis SYNCOAL QUA
Page 150 and 151: COAL CORPORATIONS SASOL MADE MAJOR
Page 152 and 153: COAL Unlike traditional ethylene ol
Page 154 and 155: COAL SOURCE: IGT IGT is actively pa
Page 156 and 157: COAL ENERGY POLICY & FORECASTS CHIN
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Page 162 and 163: COAL associated techno-economic stu
Page 164 and 165: COAL centrate has the highest solub
Page 166 and 167: COAL producing 250 million standard
Page 168 and 169: COAL a final feasibility study into
Page 170 and 171: COAL Process Description In the HYC
Page 172 and 173: COAL tribute to the economical util
Page 174 and 175: COAL selected power generation, C02
Page 176 and 177: COAL Some similar solvents are alre
Page 178 and 179: COAL Cofiring MGP Wastes In Utility
Page 180 and 181: COAL uuc stomace TANKS SOURCE: HATT
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STATUS OF COAL PROJECTS (Underline
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Project Sponsors COMPLETED AND SUSP
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STATUS OF COAL PROJECTS COMPLETED A
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STATUS OF COAL PROJECTS INDEX OF CO
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STATUS OF COAL PROJECTS INDEX OF CO
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4-98 SYNTHETIC FUELS REPORT, JANUAR
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NATURAL GAS regulations of the Cali
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NATURAL GAS The South African Parli
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NATURAL GAS The BNL process employs
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NATURAL GAS produce the radicals In
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NATURAL GAS 5-10 THE SYNTHETIC FUEL
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STATUS OF NATURAL GAS PROJECTS (Und
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5-14 SYNTHETIC FUELS REPORT, JANUAR
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