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OIL SHALE 3.8-centimeter diameter fluidized-bed retort. In creased gas production in the larger retort con firmed that secondary reactions had increased in this study. According to Carter et al., another factor that con tributes to high oil yield in small laboratory-scale retorts is that the heat for pyrolysis is provided by preheated gas and/or through the walls by an external furnace. In these retorts the nascent shale oil vapors experience contact with an isothermal and homogeneous mixture of pyrolyz ing shale. Because processed shale is recycled in commercial-scale retorting schemes, however, the particles in the pyrolysis zone are not homogeneous and may potentially contribute to greater rates of secondary oil-loss reactions. It has been found that carbon deposition from shale oil vapors is more rapid on combusted shale than on pyrolyzed shale. Therefore, the oil yield potential of large-scale fluidized-bed retorts is potentially affected not only by their size but also by the concentration and composition of recycled shale in the pyrolysis zone. Experimental Results A 7.6-centimeter diameter, 2.3-kilogram per hour fluidized-bed reactor system has been used ex tensively at the CAER as a small prototype of the KENTORT II process. In almost all respects the oil collection systems of the prototype and the PDU are similar. The temperature is reduced in stages which results in a crude fractionation of the oil product. The oil collected in the air-cooled heat exchanger and Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is heavy and viscous and is termed "heavy oil." The oU condensed downstream in the water- cooled condenser is low boiling light oil." In the gas-heating and is termed mode of operation for the prototype, oH yields averaged 129 percent of the Fischer Assay oil yield by weight. Under the most severe solid-recycle conditions (i.e., high recycle rate and temperature) in the second mode of operation, less than 15 percent oil loss was recorded. Under these conditions ap 2-12 proximately 60 percent of the heat required for pyrolysis was supplied by recirculating shale from the gasification zone. The study was incon clusive In determining whether solid-recycle rate or temperature was the more influential parameter; however, it appeared that higher recycle-solid temperatures caused greater oil yield loss. The composite oil produced in the prototype is a heavy, viscous and aromatic material which is oil." comprised of 70 percent "heavy The charac ter of the oil indicates that minimal secondary has occurred as compared cracking and coking to the oils produced from Fischer Assay. By comparison, say the authors, oil yields from the KENTORT II PDU, on a carbon conversion basis, are lower than the prototype. A shift to a lighter composite oil is evident because ap 60 percent of the total has been col proximately oil." oil" lected as "heavy The loss of "heavy is consistent with increased secondary oil-loss reac tions because the heaviest and most aromatic fractions are most susceptible to carbon deposi tion and gas production. These results indicate some of the problems in volved in scaleup of oil shale retorting processes. #### NITROGEN COMPOUNDS REMOVED FROM SHALE OIL BY ADSORPTION ON ZEOLITE Shale oils typically contain substantial concentra tions of organic sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen com pounds. These must be removed in order to con vert shale oil to a feedstock suitable for a conven tional petroleum refinery. This is normally ac complished by hydrotreating. In the case of nitrogen, hydrogenation increases the basicity of the heterocyclic N atom as well as non-basic N compounds to basic N converting compounds. With indole, hydrogenation leads to polymerization reactions. THE SYNTHETIC FUELS REPORT, JANUARY 1995
OIL SHALE Residual N heterocycles are of particular concern because they poison the acidic catalysts used in refinery hydrocracking reactions. Unfortunately, complete removal of N requires vigorous hydrotreatment. For a typical shale oil distillate, the conditions needed to reduce N from 140 to
Page 1: OIL SHALE COAL OIL SANDS NATURAL GA
Page 4 and 5: THE SINOR SYNTHETIC FUELS REPORT is
Page 6 and 7: INTERNATIONAL Oil Shale to Play Rol
Page 8 and 9: project AcnvrriES Shell MDS Product
Page 10 and 11: Amoco Primrose Lake Project Gets Gr
Page 12 and 13: Construction Begins on TECO's Polk
Page 14 and 15: GENERAL be even more cost-effective
Page 16 and 17: GENERAL assumed to occur, the suppl
Page 18 and 19: GENERAL nfflcant implications for a
Page 20 and 21: GENERAL needs in the next century.
Page 22 and 23: GENERAL IGT oxygen-blown system bas
Page 24 and 25: GENERAL VERMONT BIOMASS GASIFIER WI
Page 26 and 27: GENERAL 50 megawatts; 2) basing the
Page 28 and 29: GENERAL in the amount of nitrogen i
Page 30 and 31: COMING EVENTS JUNE 19-21 , CALGARY,
Page 32 and 33: OIL SHALE A December 1994 stock ana
Page 34 and 35: OIL SHALE FIGURE 2 HRS PILOT PLANT
Page 36 and 37: OIL SHALE 200 g 150 v a i a 100 10
Page 38 and 39: OIL SHALE the company. Earlier in 1
Page 40 and 41: OIL SHALE TABLE 1 ECONOMICS OF A 10
Page 44 and 45: OIL SHALE TABLE 1 ADSORPTION (MOL%)
Page 46 and 47: OIL SHALE UJ oc o CD 2 > CC tu > o
Page 48 and 49: OIL SHALE TABLE 1 OIL SHALE RF HEAT
Page 50 and 51: OIL SHALE , FIGURE 1 MAP OF MAIN OI
Page 52 and 53: OIL SHALE Timahdit TABLE 1 RESERVE
Page 54 and 55: OIL SHALE 2-24 THE SYNTHETIC FUELS
Page 56 and 57: STATUS OF OIL SHALE PROJECTS (Under
Page 70 and 71: STATUS OF OIL SHALE PROJECTS COMPLE
Page 72 and 73: STATUS OF OIL SHALE PROJECTS INDEX
Page 74 and 75: OIL SANDS The company said the larg
Page 76 and 77: OIL SANDS 12.0 million m3/yr level
Page 78 and 79: OIL SANDS TABLE 1 ACTUAL AND PREDIC
Page 80 and 81: 0/L SANDS phalt Ridge, near Vernal,
Page 82 and 83: OIL SANDS ENERGY POLICY & FORECASTS
Page 84 and 85: OIL SANDS Reservoir/ Bitumen Proper
Page 86 and 87: OIL SANDS proved environmental miti
Page 88 and 89: OIL SANDS timized combination of th
Page 90 and 91: OIL SANDS Chakrabarty and Longo pre
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OIL SANDS Contents, Wt% of Tar Sand
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OIL SANDS results In increased poll
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OIL SANDS West Newport, USA at 33 y
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OIL SANDS was shown that the volume
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OIL SANDS FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE
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OIL SANDS As compared to SI, ISC re
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OIL SANDS 3-32 THE SYNTHETIC FUELS
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STATUS OF OIL SANDS PROJECTS (Under
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STATUS OF OIL SANDS PROJECTS COMPLE
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STATUS OF OIL SANDS PROJECTS COMPLE
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STATUS OF OIL SANDS PROJECTS INDEX
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3-62 SYNTHETIC FUELS REPORT, JANUAR
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COAL Removing that moisture is the
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COAL - NOx production: lower than 7
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COAL lav eotl ii - l! FIGURE 1 NEDO
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COAL Another one-third of the site
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COAL v.v C SOURCE: DOE Solid Waste
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COAL Re* Cetl In Flrod Heater Exeha
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COAL Proximate Analysis SYNCOAL QUA
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COAL CORPORATIONS SASOL MADE MAJOR
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COAL Unlike traditional ethylene ol
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COAL SOURCE: IGT IGT is actively pa
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COAL ENERGY POLICY & FORECASTS CHIN
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COAL utilities are prepared to inst
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COAL be maintained on a sustainable
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COAL associated techno-economic stu
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COAL centrate has the highest solub
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COAL producing 250 million standard
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COAL a final feasibility study into
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COAL Process Description In the HYC
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COAL tribute to the economical util
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COAL selected power generation, C02
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COAL Some similar solvents are alre
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COAL Cofiring MGP Wastes In Utility
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COAL uuc stomace TANKS SOURCE: HATT
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STATUS OF COAL PROJECTS (Underline
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Project Sponsors COMPLETED AND SUSP
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STATUS OF COAL PROJECTS COMPLETED A
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STATUS OF COAL PROJECTS INDEX OF CO
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STATUS OF COAL PROJECTS INDEX OF CO
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NATURAL GAS regulations of the Cali
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NATURAL GAS The South African Parli
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NATURAL GAS The BNL process employs
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NATURAL GAS produce the radicals In
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NATURAL GAS 5-10 THE SYNTHETIC FUEL
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STATUS OF NATURAL GAS PROJECTS (Und
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