Transportation energy data book: edition 23 - Oak Ridge National ...

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6–12 In 1999 (the latest year for which data are available) the U.S. accounted for about 20% of world hydrogen consumption. Ammonia producers made up 61% of World hydrogen consumption, but only 38% of U.S. hydrogen consumption. Captive users: Table 6.8 U.S. and World Hydrogen Consumption by End-Use Category, 1999 a Excluding byproduct hydrogen. United States World total (trillion cubic feet) (share) (trillion cubic feet) (share) TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003 U.S. share of World total Ammonia producers 1.185 38% 9.662 61% 12% Oil refiners a 1.164 37% 3.721 23% 31% Methanol producers 0.303 10% 1.428 9% 21% Other 0.121 4% 0.482 3% 25% Merchant users 0.379 12% 0.570 4% 67% Total 3.153 100% 15.864 100% 20% Source: Hydrogen, Chemical Economics Handbook program, SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA, July 2001. Note: Captive users consume hydrogen at the site where it is produced. Merchant users consume hydrogen at sites other than where it is produced.
The Department of Energy is currently developing systems which will store hydrogen on-board a light vehicle. Below is a list of storage technologies and the advantages/disadvantages of each The DOE goals for on-board hydrogen storage systems are listed at the bottom of the table. Table 6.9 Hydrogen Storage Systems for On-Board Light Vehicles Storage technology System status Advantages/disadvantages Chemical hydride Complex metal hydride Liquid hydrogen 10,000 psi compressed hydrogen tanks 5,000 psi compressed hydrogen tanks 1.6 kWh/kg, 1.4 kWh/L, $8/kWh 0.8 kWh/kg, 0.6 kWh/L, $16/kWh 2.0 kWh/kg, 1.6 kWh/L, $6/kWh 1.9 kWh/kg, 1.3 kWh/L, $16/kWh 2.1 kWh/kg, 0.8 kWh/L, $12/kWh Department of Energy 2010 and 2015 System Goals a Year 2010 • 2.0 kWh/kg (6 wt%) • 1.5 kWh/L • $4/k Wh Low pressure Low cost, energy-efficient regeneration processes have not been developed By-product removal Low pressure Reversible H 2 uptake and release Insufficient storage capacity at practical temperature and pressure Lowest capital cost Highest gravimetric and volumetric capacities Most energy intensive Boil-off requires venting, and presents an energy penalty and a potential safety hazard Near-term solution to hydrogen storage Most energy efficient method to densify H 2 High pressure Cost is high due to high pressure containment materials Year 2015 • 3.0 kWh/kg (9 wt%) • 2.7 kWh/L • $2/kWh Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, 2003. a Goals apply to all storage technologies and are for the complete system including storage material, packaging, regulators, valves, and any thermal management or other ancillary equipment; cost goals and status are based on high-volume production. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003 6–13
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Center for Transportation Analysis
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Users of the Transportation Energy
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Ta
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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x TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Tab
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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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xvi TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK
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xviii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BO
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xx TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK:
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xxii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOO
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xxiv TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOO
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1-2 Although the world has consumed
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1-4 This table shows petroleum prod
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1-6 Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves,
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1-8 Total OECD government-owned pet
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1-10 The share of petroleum importe
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1-12 Estimates of military expendit
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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
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1-16 Most of the petroleum imported
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1-18 Millions of Barrels per Day Th
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1-20 Pipelines accounted for two-th
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2-2 Petroleum accounted for 40% of
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2-4 The Energy Information Administ
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2-6 As data about alternative fuel
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2-8 The highway sector is by far th
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2-10 The use of diesel for off-high
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2-12 Nearly all of the fuel ethanol
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2-14 Great care should be taken whe
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2-16 Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities
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2-20 Nearly all of the fuel ethanol
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2-24 Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities
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Source Chapter 3 All Highway Vehicl
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The data on automobile and light tr
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The average age of automobiles was
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Using current registration data and
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Chapter 4 Light Vehicles and Charac
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The Federal Highway Administration
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Over one-quarter of autos sold in 2
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The sales-weighted fuel economy of
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Back in 1976 only 20% of new light
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The compact, midsize, and large aut
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The large car size class is the onl
Page 104 and 105: The sales-weighted wheelbase of new
Page 106 and 107: The number of franchised dealership
Page 108 and 109: The Corporate Average Fuel Economy
Page 110 and 111: Manufacturers of autos and light tr
Page 112 and 113: Consumers continue to demand gas gu
Page 114 and 115: Vehicle Table 4.23 Vehicle Specific
Page 116 and 117: Source: See Table 4.23. Figure 4.2.
Page 118 and 119: The Environmental Protection Agency
Page 120 and 121: The US06 driving cycle was develope
Page 122 and 123: When comparing data between countri
Page 124 and 125: In 2001, the fatality rate for vehi
Page 126 and 127: For fatal crashes in 2001, sport-ut
Page 128 and 129: Source Chapter 5 Heavy Vehicles and
Page 130 and 131: Combination trucks include all truc
Page 132 and 133: Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Th
Page 134 and 135: As expected, most light trucks trav
Page 136 and 137: In 1997 nearly 60% of all truck fle
Page 138 and 139: Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
Page 140 and 141: Industries covered by the 1997 Comm
Page 142 and 143: There are currently not many source
Page 144 and 145: 6-2 Alternative Fuels The U.S. Depa
Page 146 and 147: 6-4 Nearly 90% of private alternati
Page 148 and 149: 6-6 This list includes public and p
Page 150 and 151: 6-8 The Honda Insight, Civic Hybrid
Page 152 and 153: 6-10 The relative efficiencies of s
Page 156 and 157: 6-14 Table 6.10 Properties of Conve
Page 158 and 159: Source Chapter 7 Fleet Vehicles and
Page 160 and 161: According to these estimates of lig
Page 162 and 163: These data, which apply to domestic
Page 164 and 165: Table 7.6 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acq
Page 166 and 167: Source Chapter 8 Household Vehicles
Page 168 and 169: Vehicle-miles per capita have nearl
Page 170 and 171: Household vehicle ownership shows a
Page 172 and 173: Due to methodology improvements in
Page 174 and 175: In 2001 vehicle-miles traveled (vmt
Page 176 and 177: The average vehicle occupancy, calc
Page 178 and 179: The average annual miles per vehicl
Page 180 and 181: According to the U.S. Census data,
Page 182 and 183: Sales of bicycles with wheel sizes
Page 184 and 185: In 2001, 5% of walk trips and 8% of
Page 186 and 187: Personal-use vehicles are by far th
Page 188 and 189: Source Chapter 9 Nonhighway Modes S
Page 190 and 191: These data include all internationa
Page 192 and 193: In the early seventies, domestic wa
Page 194 and 195: TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
Page 196 and 197: The Interstate Commerce Commission
Page 198 and 199: The “other” category, which con
Page 200 and 201: The National Railroad Passenger Cor
Page 202 and 203: This table on transit rail operatio
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10-6 Though the cost of crude oil c
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10-8 The fuel prices shown here are
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10-10 Table 10.7 State Taxes on Mot
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10-12 At the end of 2001, only four
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10-14 In current dollars, import ca
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10-18 Knowing the number of employe
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11-2 The U. S. accounted for 23.0%
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11-4 Carbon dioxide emissions in 20
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11-6 Most U.S. transportation secto
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Source Chapter 12 Criteria Air Poll
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The transportation sector accounted
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The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
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APPENDIX A SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES
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Highway energy use Automobiles Ener
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Trucks Eno Transportation Foundatio
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Medium/Heavy Trucks: DOT, FHWA, Hig
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Nonhighway energy use Air General A
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Water Freight: Total - DOE, EIA, Fu
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Pipeline The sum of natural gas, cr
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Rail Freight: AAR, Railroad Facts,
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Transit - APTA, 2003 Transit Fact B
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Automobiles Passenger Travel and En
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Intercity School Air Passenger-mile
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Automobiles Highway Passenger Mode
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Air Certificated air carriers Nonhi
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Truck Freight Mode Energy Intensiti
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Sales - Domestic and import totals
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Trucks less than 8,500 lbs (Classes
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Light Fleet Vehicle Population Flee
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Light trucks Business Bobit Publish
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B-2 Pounds (lb) Table B.1 Hydrogen
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B-4 Table B.4 Fuel Equivalents 1 mi
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B-6 Table B.7 Distance and Velocity
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B-8 FROM Horsepower Kilowatts Table
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B-10 Table B.12 Fuel Efficiency Con
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B-12 Table B.14 Metric Units and Ab
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APPENDIX C MAPS TRANSPORTATION ENER
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Figure C1. Census Divisions and Reg
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Source: See Table C.2. Figure C.2.
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G-2 Alcohol - The family name of a
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G-4 Combination trucks - Consist of
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G-6 Energy capacity - Measured in k
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G-8 person living alone, two or mor
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G-10 M100 - 100% methanol. Medium t
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G-12 Poland, Portugal, Spain, Swede
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G-14 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil -
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G-16 Test weight - The weight setti
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TITLE INDEX TRANSPORTATION ENERGY D
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Automobiles (continued) Average Age
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(Category LDT3) ...................
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Countries Petroleum Stocks of OECD
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Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel
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Heavy Trucks.......................
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FY Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitio
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Incentives State Ethanol Incentives
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Mile Automobile Operating Cost per
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Oil World Crude Oil Production, 196
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Powered Federal Exhaust Emission Ce
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New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 p
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Standards Automobile Corporate Aver
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Time Average Length of Time Busines
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United States Petroleum Production,
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Workers Workers by Commute Time, 19
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