Transportation energy data book: edition 23 - Oak Ridge National ...

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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 22—2002 a THCE for methanol vehicles. Does not apply to CNG vehicles. b THCE for Tier 0 methanol vehicles. NMHCE for other alcohol vehicles. c NMHC for diesel-fueled vehicles. d Diesel-fueled vehicles only. Table 12.21 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years 2001-2006 (grams/mile) Vehicle Useful Life Vehicle Emission 5 Years / 50,000 Miles 10 Years / 100,000 Miles Type Category THCa NMHCb NMOGc CO NOX PM HCHO THCa NMHCb NMOGc CO NOX PM HCHO Passenger car Tier 1 – 0.25 – 3.4 0.4 0.08d 0.015e – 0.31 – 4.2 0.6 – – TLEV – – 0.125 3.4 0.4 – 0.015 – – 0.156 4.2 0.6 0.08d 0.018 LEV – – 0.075 3.4 0.2 – 0.015 – – 0.090 4.2 0.3 0.08d 0.018 ULEV – – 0.040 1.7 0.2 – 0.008 – – 0.055 2.1 0.3 0.04d 0.011 ZEV 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.000 LDT1 Tier 1 – 0.25 – 3.4 0.4 0.08d 0.015e – 0.31 – 4.2 0.6 – – TLEV – – 0.125 3.4 0.4 – 0.015 – – 0.156 4.2 0.6 0.08d 0.018 LEV – – 0.075 3.4 0.2 – 0.015 – – 0.090 4.2 0.3 0.08d 0.018 ULEV – – 0.040 1.7 0.2 – 0.008 – – 0.055 2.1 0.3 0.04d 0.011 ZEV 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.000 LDT2 Tier 1 – 0.32 – 4.4 0.7 0.08d 0.018e – 0.40 – 5.5 0.97 – – TLEV – – 0.160 4.4 0.7 – 0.018 – – 0.200 5.5 0.9 0.10d 0.023 LEV – – 0.100 4.4 0.4 – 0.018 – – 0.130 5.5 0.5 0.10d 0.023 ULEV – – 0.050 2.2 0.4 – 0.009 – – 0.070 2.8 0.5 0.05d Source: 0.013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA 420-B-00-001. (Additional resources: www.epa.gov/otag) Note: After 2003, Tier 1 and TLEV standards will be eliminated. LDT1 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less GVWR) up through 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight; LDT2 = light truck (6,000 lbs. or less GVWR) greater than 3,750 lbs. loaded vehicle weight. e Ethanol- and methanol-fueled vehicles only. 12–23
12–24 California's Low-Emission Vehicle regulations provide for reduced emission vehicles to be available to consumers. Vehicles meeting these standards have even lower emissions than the basic Tier 1 standards for all new vehicles sold in California. Currently, there is a wide array of TLEVs and LEVs, and a few ULEVs, SULEVs and ZEVs on the market. For a listing of the available low emission vehicles, see the California Air Resources Board web site referenced below. a Light trucks less than 6,000 lbs. gross vehicle weight rating. b See Table 12.23. Table 12.22 California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks a Emission reduction from Tier 1 California standards b HC CO NOx Transitional Low-Emission Vehicle (TLEV) 50% = = Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) 70% = 50% Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (ULEV) 85% 50% 50% Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (SULEV) 96% 70% 95% Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEV) 100% 100% 100% Source: California Air Resources Board web site, www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/ccbg/ccbg.htm (Additional resources: www.arb.ca.gov) Note: = indicates equivalent emissions to vehicles meeting the Tier 1 California standard. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
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Center for Transportation Analysis
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Users of the Transportation Energy
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vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Ta
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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x TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Tab
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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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xvi TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK
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xviii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BO
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xx TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK:
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xxii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOO
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xxiv TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOO
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1-2 Although the world has consumed
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1-4 This table shows petroleum prod
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1-6 Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves,
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1-8 Total OECD government-owned pet
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1-10 The share of petroleum importe
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1-12 Estimates of military expendit
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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
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1-16 Most of the petroleum imported
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1-18 Millions of Barrels per Day Th
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1-20 Pipelines accounted for two-th
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2-2 Petroleum accounted for 40% of
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2-4 The Energy Information Administ
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2-6 As data about alternative fuel
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2-8 The highway sector is by far th
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2-10 The use of diesel for off-high
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2-12 Nearly all of the fuel ethanol
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2-14 Great care should be taken whe
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2-16 Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities
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2-20 Nearly all of the fuel ethanol
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2-24 Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities
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Source Chapter 3 All Highway Vehicl
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The data on automobile and light tr
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The average age of automobiles was
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Using current registration data and
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Chapter 4 Light Vehicles and Charac
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The Federal Highway Administration
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Over one-quarter of autos sold in 2
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The sales-weighted fuel economy of
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Back in 1976 only 20% of new light
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The compact, midsize, and large aut
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The large car size class is the onl
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The sales-weighted wheelbase of new
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The number of franchised dealership
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The Corporate Average Fuel Economy
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Manufacturers of autos and light tr
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Consumers continue to demand gas gu
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Vehicle Table 4.23 Vehicle Specific
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Source: See Table 4.23. Figure 4.2.
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The Environmental Protection Agency
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The US06 driving cycle was develope
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When comparing data between countri
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In 2001, the fatality rate for vehi
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For fatal crashes in 2001, sport-ut
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Source Chapter 5 Heavy Vehicles and
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Combination trucks include all truc
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Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Th
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As expected, most light trucks trav
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In 1997 nearly 60% of all truck fle
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Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
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Industries covered by the 1997 Comm
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There are currently not many source
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6-2 Alternative Fuels The U.S. Depa
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6-4 Nearly 90% of private alternati
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6-6 This list includes public and p
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6-8 The Honda Insight, Civic Hybrid
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6-10 The relative efficiencies of s
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6-12 In 1999 (the latest year for w
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6-14 Table 6.10 Properties of Conve
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Source Chapter 7 Fleet Vehicles and
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According to these estimates of lig
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These data, which apply to domestic
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Table 7.6 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acq
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Source Chapter 8 Household Vehicles
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Vehicle-miles per capita have nearl
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Household vehicle ownership shows a
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Due to methodology improvements in
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In 2001 vehicle-miles traveled (vmt
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The average vehicle occupancy, calc
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The average annual miles per vehicl
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According to the U.S. Census data,
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Sales of bicycles with wheel sizes
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In 2001, 5% of walk trips and 8% of
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Personal-use vehicles are by far th
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Source Chapter 9 Nonhighway Modes S
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These data include all internationa
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In the early seventies, domestic wa
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The Interstate Commerce Commission
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The “other” category, which con
Page 200 and 201: The National Railroad Passenger Cor
Page 202 and 203: This table on transit rail operatio
Page 204 and 205: TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
Page 208 and 209: 10-6 Though the cost of crude oil c
Page 210 and 211: 10-8 The fuel prices shown here are
Page 212 and 213: 10-10 Table 10.7 State Taxes on Mot
Page 214 and 215: 10-12 At the end of 2001, only four
Page 216 and 217: 10-14 In current dollars, import ca
Page 220 and 221: 10-18 Knowing the number of employe
Page 222 and 223: 11-2 The U. S. accounted for 23.0%
Page 224 and 225: 11-4 Carbon dioxide emissions in 20
Page 226 and 227: 11-6 Most U.S. transportation secto
Page 228 and 229: Source Chapter 12 Criteria Air Poll
Page 230 and 231: The transportation sector accounted
Page 240 and 241: The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
Page 252 and 253: APPENDIX A SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES
Page 254 and 255: Highway energy use Automobiles Ener
Page 256 and 257: Trucks Eno Transportation Foundatio
Page 258 and 259: Medium/Heavy Trucks: DOT, FHWA, Hig
Page 260 and 261: Nonhighway energy use Air General A
Page 262 and 263: Water Freight: Total - DOE, EIA, Fu
Page 264 and 265: Pipeline The sum of natural gas, cr
Page 266 and 267: Rail Freight: AAR, Railroad Facts,
Page 268 and 269: Transit - APTA, 2003 Transit Fact B
Page 270 and 271: Automobiles Passenger Travel and En
Page 272 and 273: Intercity School Air Passenger-mile
Page 274 and 275: Automobiles Highway Passenger Mode
Page 276 and 277: Air Certificated air carriers Nonhi
Page 278 and 279: Truck Freight Mode Energy Intensiti
Page 280 and 281: Sales - Domestic and import totals
Page 282 and 283: Trucks less than 8,500 lbs (Classes
Page 284 and 285: Light Fleet Vehicle Population Flee
Page 286 and 287: Light trucks Business Bobit Publish
Page 288 and 289: B-2 Pounds (lb) Table B.1 Hydrogen
Page 290 and 291: B-4 Table B.4 Fuel Equivalents 1 mi
Page 292 and 293: B-6 Table B.7 Distance and Velocity
Page 294 and 295: B-8 FROM Horsepower Kilowatts Table
Page 296 and 297: B-10 Table B.12 Fuel Efficiency Con
Page 298 and 299: B-12 Table B.14 Metric Units and Ab
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APPENDIX C MAPS TRANSPORTATION ENER
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Figure C1. Census Divisions and Reg
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Source: See Table C.2. Figure C.2.
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G-2 Alcohol - The family name of a
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G-4 Combination trucks - Consist of
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G-6 Energy capacity - Measured in k
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G-8 person living alone, two or mor
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G-10 M100 - 100% methanol. Medium t
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G-12 Poland, Portugal, Spain, Swede
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G-14 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil -
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G-16 Test weight - The weight setti
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TITLE INDEX TRANSPORTATION ENERGY D
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Automobiles (continued) Average Age
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(Category LDT3) ...................
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Countries Petroleum Stocks of OECD
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Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel
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Heavy Trucks.......................
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FY Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitio
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Incentives State Ethanol Incentives
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Mile Automobile Operating Cost per
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Oil World Crude Oil Production, 196
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Powered Federal Exhaust Emission Ce
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New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 p
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Standards Automobile Corporate Aver
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Time Average Length of Time Busines
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United States Petroleum Production,
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Workers Workers by Commute Time, 19
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