Transportation energy data book: edition 23 - Oak Ridge National ...

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1–12 Estimates of military expenditures for defending oil supplies in the Middle East range from $6 to $60 billion per year. This wide range in estimates reflects the difficulty in assigning a precise figure to the military cost of defending the U.S. interests in the Middle East. The two main reasons for the difficulty are 1) the Department of Defense does not divide the budget into regional defense sectors and 2) it is difficult to determine how much of the cost is attributable to defending Persian Gulf oil. The latest study, done by the National Defense Council Foundation, puts a price of $49 billion dollars/year for the defense of oil. Table 1.9 Summary of Military Expenditures f or Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East Source Original estimates (billion dollars) a Annual cost to defend all U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003 Year of original estimate General Accounting Office [1] $33 1990 Congressional Research Service [2] $6.4 1990 Greene and Leiby [3] $14.3 1990 Kaufmann and Steinbruner [4] $64.5 1990 Ravenal [5] $50 1992 Delucchi and Murphya [6] $20–40 1996 National Defense Council Foundation [7] $49.1 2003 [1] U.S. General Accounting Offices, Southwest Asia: Cost of Protecting U.S. Interests, GAO/NSIAD-91-250, Washington, DC, August 1991. [2] Congressional Research Service, The External Costs of Oil Used in Transportation, prepared for the U.S. Alternative Fuels Council, Washington, DC, June 1992. [3] Greene, D.L., and P. Leiby, The Social Costs to the U.S. of Monopolization of the World Oil Market, 1972-1991, ORNL-6744, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, March 1993. [5] Ravenal, E.C., Designing Defense for a New World Order: The Military Budget in 1992 and Beyond, Cato Institute, Washington, DC, 1991. [4] Kaufmann, W.W., and J.D. Steinbruner, Decisions for Defense: Prospects for a New Order, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1991. [6] Delucchi, M.A., and J. Murphy, U.S. Military Expenditures to Protect the Use of Persian-Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles, UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (15), University of California, Davis, California, April 1996. [7] National Defense Council Foundation, Alexandria, VA, forthcoming publication, 2003. Source: Hu, P.S., “Estimates of 1996 U.S. Military Expenditures on Defending Oil Supplies from the Middle East: A Literature Review,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, March 1996.
Other parts of the world refine crude oil to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline than does North America. The OECD Pacific countries produce the lowest share of gasoline. Figure 1.6. Refinery Gross Output by World Region, 2002 Source: International Energy Agency, Monthly Oil Survey, January 2003, Paris, France, Table 7. (Additional resources: www.iea.org) a Includes jet kerosene and other kerosene. b Includes motor gasoline, jet gasoline, and aviation gasoline. c Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for membership. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003 1–13
Page 1 and 2: Center for Transportation Analysis
Page 3: Users of the Transportation Energy
Page 6 and 7: vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Ta
Page 8 and 9: viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page 10 and 11: x TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Tab
Page 12 and 13: xii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
Page 14 and 15: xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
Page 16 and 17: xvi TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK
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Page 26 and 27: 1-2 Although the world has consumed
Page 28 and 29: 1-4 This table shows petroleum prod
Page 30 and 31: 1-6 Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves,
Page 32 and 33: 1-8 Total OECD government-owned pet
Page 34 and 35: 1-10 The share of petroleum importe
Page 38 and 39: TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
Page 40 and 41: 1-16 Most of the petroleum imported
Page 42 and 43: 1-18 Millions of Barrels per Day Th
Page 44 and 45: 1-20 Pipelines accounted for two-th
Page 46 and 47: 2-2 Petroleum accounted for 40% of
Page 48 and 49: 2-4 The Energy Information Administ
Page 50 and 51: 2-6 As data about alternative fuel
Page 52 and 53: 2-8 The highway sector is by far th
Page 54 and 55: 2-10 The use of diesel for off-high
Page 56 and 57: 2-12 Nearly all of the fuel ethanol
Page 58 and 59: 2-14 Great care should be taken whe
Page 60 and 61: 2-16 Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities
Page 64 and 65: 2-20 Nearly all of the fuel ethanol
Page 68 and 69: 2-24 Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities
Page 72 and 73: Source Chapter 3 All Highway Vehicl
Page 78 and 79: The data on automobile and light tr
Page 82 and 83: The average age of automobiles was
Page 84 and 85: Using current registration data and
Page 86 and 87:
Using current registration data and
Page 88 and 89:
Using current registration data and
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Chapter 4 Light Vehicles and Charac
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The Federal Highway Administration
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Over one-quarter of autos sold in 2
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The sales-weighted fuel economy of
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Back in 1976 only 20% of new light
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The compact, midsize, and large aut
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The large car size class is the onl
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The sales-weighted wheelbase of new
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The number of franchised dealership
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The Corporate Average Fuel Economy
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Manufacturers of autos and light tr
Page 112 and 113:
Consumers continue to demand gas gu
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Vehicle Table 4.23 Vehicle Specific
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Source: See Table 4.23. Figure 4.2.
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The Environmental Protection Agency
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The US06 driving cycle was develope
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When comparing data between countri
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In 2001, the fatality rate for vehi
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For fatal crashes in 2001, sport-ut
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Source Chapter 5 Heavy Vehicles and
Page 130 and 131:
Combination trucks include all truc
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Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Th
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As expected, most light trucks trav
Page 136 and 137:
In 1997 nearly 60% of all truck fle
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Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
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Industries covered by the 1997 Comm
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There are currently not many source
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6-2 Alternative Fuels The U.S. Depa
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6-4 Nearly 90% of private alternati
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6-6 This list includes public and p
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6-8 The Honda Insight, Civic Hybrid
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6-10 The relative efficiencies of s
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6-12 In 1999 (the latest year for w
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6-14 Table 6.10 Properties of Conve
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Source Chapter 7 Fleet Vehicles and
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According to these estimates of lig
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These data, which apply to domestic
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Table 7.6 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acq
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Source Chapter 8 Household Vehicles
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Vehicle-miles per capita have nearl
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Household vehicle ownership shows a
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Due to methodology improvements in
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In 2001 vehicle-miles traveled (vmt
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The average vehicle occupancy, calc
Page 178 and 179:
The average annual miles per vehicl
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According to the U.S. Census data,
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Sales of bicycles with wheel sizes
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In 2001, 5% of walk trips and 8% of
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Personal-use vehicles are by far th
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Source Chapter 9 Nonhighway Modes S
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These data include all internationa
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In the early seventies, domestic wa
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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
Page 196 and 197:
The Interstate Commerce Commission
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The “other” category, which con
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The National Railroad Passenger Cor
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This table on transit rail operatio
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10-6 Though the cost of crude oil c
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10-8 The fuel prices shown here are
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10-10 Table 10.7 State Taxes on Mot
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10-12 At the end of 2001, only four
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10-14 In current dollars, import ca
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10-18 Knowing the number of employe
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11-2 The U. S. accounted for 23.0%
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11-4 Carbon dioxide emissions in 20
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11-6 Most U.S. transportation secto
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Source Chapter 12 Criteria Air Poll
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The transportation sector accounted
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Page 238 and 239:
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The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
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Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
APPENDIX A SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES
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Highway energy use Automobiles Ener
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Trucks Eno Transportation Foundatio
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Medium/Heavy Trucks: DOT, FHWA, Hig
Page 260 and 261:
Nonhighway energy use Air General A
Page 262 and 263:
Water Freight: Total - DOE, EIA, Fu
Page 264 and 265:
Pipeline The sum of natural gas, cr
Page 266 and 267:
Rail Freight: AAR, Railroad Facts,
Page 268 and 269:
Transit - APTA, 2003 Transit Fact B
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Automobiles Passenger Travel and En
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Intercity School Air Passenger-mile
Page 274 and 275:
Automobiles Highway Passenger Mode
Page 276 and 277:
Air Certificated air carriers Nonhi
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Truck Freight Mode Energy Intensiti
Page 280 and 281:
Sales - Domestic and import totals
Page 282 and 283:
Trucks less than 8,500 lbs (Classes
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Light Fleet Vehicle Population Flee
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Light trucks Business Bobit Publish
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B-2 Pounds (lb) Table B.1 Hydrogen
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B-4 Table B.4 Fuel Equivalents 1 mi
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B-6 Table B.7 Distance and Velocity
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B-8 FROM Horsepower Kilowatts Table
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B-10 Table B.12 Fuel Efficiency Con
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B-12 Table B.14 Metric Units and Ab
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Page 302 and 303:
APPENDIX C MAPS TRANSPORTATION ENER
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Figure C1. Census Divisions and Reg
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Source: See Table C.2. Figure C.2.
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G-2 Alcohol - The family name of a
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G-4 Combination trucks - Consist of
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G-6 Energy capacity - Measured in k
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G-8 person living alone, two or mor
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G-10 M100 - 100% methanol. Medium t
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G-12 Poland, Portugal, Spain, Swede
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G-14 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil -
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G-16 Test weight - The weight setti
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TITLE INDEX TRANSPORTATION ENERGY D
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Automobiles (continued) Average Age
Page 328 and 329:
(Category LDT3) ...................
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Countries Petroleum Stocks of OECD
Page 332 and 333:
Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel
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Heavy Trucks.......................
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FY Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitio
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Incentives State Ethanol Incentives
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Mile Automobile Operating Cost per
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Oil World Crude Oil Production, 196
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Powered Federal Exhaust Emission Ce
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New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 p
Page 348 and 349:
Standards Automobile Corporate Aver
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Time Average Length of Time Busines
Page 352 and 353:
United States Petroleum Production,
Page 354:
Workers Workers by Commute Time, 19
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