Transportation energy data book: edition 23 - Oak Ridge National ...

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Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 .......................................................4-20 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, 1983–2001 ............................4-21 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies .........................................4-26 Fuel Economy by Speed, 1973, 1984 and 1997 Studies .........................................4-27 Steady Speed Fuel Economy for Vehicles Tested in the 1997 Study ...............................4-28 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy by Size Class, 1992 and 1997 ...............................5-6 Effective Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years ........... 12-14 Emission Tier 2 Emission Standards for Cars and Light Trucks Effective for 2004–2009 Model Years ........... 12-14 Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final ...... 12-15 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles .... 12-16 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT1) .................................................................. 12-17 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT2) .................................................................. 12-18 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT3) .................................................................. 12-19 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT4) .................................................................. 12-20 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Heavy Trucks..................................................................... 12-21 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy Heavy Trucks..................................................................... 12-22 California Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Emission Certification Standards for Model Years 2001–2006 ....................................................................... 12-23 California Vehicle Emission Reduction for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks ....................... 12-24 Emissions World Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2001 ..............................11-2 Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2001 .....................................11-4 U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 .......11-5 U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2001 ...............11-6 Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants by Sector, 2001 ............................12-2 Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1980–2001 .....................................12-3 Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 ..............................12-4 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1980–2001 .......................................12-5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 ...............................12-6 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1980–2001 .............................12-7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 .....................12-8 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), 1980–2001 ..............................12-9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, 1980–2001 ...................... 12-10 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), 1990–2001 ............................. 12-11 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, 1990–2001 ..................... 12-12 Employment Transportation-related Employment, 1993 and 2002 ......................................... 10–18 Energy World Consumption of Primary Energy, 2001 .................................................2-2 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy by End-Use Sector, 1973–2002 ................................2-3 Distribution of Energy Consumption by Source, 1973 and 2002 ...................................2-4 Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy by Mode and Fuel Type, 2001 ......................2-6 Transportation Energy Use by Mode, 2000–2001 ...............................................2-7 Highway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 ...............................2-8 Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode, 1970–2001 ............................2-9 TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003 I–9
I–10 Passenger Travel and Energy Use, 2001 .....................................................2-13 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 ....................................2-14 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, 1970–2001 .................................2-15 Energy Intensities for Transit Rail, 2001 ....................................................2-16 Energy Intensities for Selected Transit Bus Systems, 2001 ......................................2-17 Intercity Freight Movement and Energy Use in the United States, 2001 ............................2-18 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, 1970–2001 ..............................................2-19 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, 1970–2001 ..................................................9-2 Energy Policy Act Purchase Requirements of Light Alternative Fuel Vehicles ........................7-8 U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 1990–2001 .......11-5 U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use in Transportation Sector, 1990–2001 ...............11-6 Engine Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Automobiles by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 ........................................................................4-11 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks by Size Class, Sales Periods 1976–2002 ........................................................................4-12 Estimated Estimated U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, 1990–2001 .....................................11-4 Estimates Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2b Light Trucks, 1989–1999 .........................4-4 Automobile Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 .......................................................4-19 Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, 1978–2003 .......................................................4-20 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use, 1992–2002 .......................................6-3 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Vehicles by Ownership, 1996 and 2002 ..............................6-4 Numerical Estimates of Global Warming Potentials Compared with Carbon Dioxide ..................11-3 Ethanol U.S. Production and Imports of MTBE and Fuel Ethanol, 1985–2002 ..............................2-12 State Ethanol Incentives, 2003 ........................................................... 10-13 European Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles .......................4-32 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles ....................................4-33 Excise Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels ...................................................... 10-12 Exemptions State Tax Exemptions for Gasohol, 2001 ................................................... 10-12 Exhaust Light Vehicle Exhaust Emission Standards in Effect in 2009 when U.S. Tier 2 Standards are Final ...... 12-15 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Vehicles .... 12-16 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT1) .................................................................. 12-17 Exhaust (continued) Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT2) .................................................................. 12-18 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT3) .................................................................. 12-19 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Trucks (Category LDT4) .................................................................. 12-20 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Heavy Trucks..................................................................... 12-21 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 23—2003
Page 1 and 2:
Center for Transportation Analysis
Page 3:
Users of the Transportation Energy
Page 6 and 7:
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Ta
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viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page 10 and 11:
x TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Tab
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xii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) T
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xvi TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK
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xviii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BO
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xx TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK:
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xxii TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOO
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xxiv TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOO
Page 26 and 27:
1-2 Although the world has consumed
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1-4 This table shows petroleum prod
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1-6 Figure 1.2. World Oil Reserves,
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1-8 Total OECD government-owned pet
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1-10 The share of petroleum importe
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1-12 Estimates of military expendit
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TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
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1-16 Most of the petroleum imported
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1-18 Millions of Barrels per Day Th
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1-20 Pipelines accounted for two-th
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2-2 Petroleum accounted for 40% of
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2-4 The Energy Information Administ
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2-6 As data about alternative fuel
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2-8 The highway sector is by far th
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2-10 The use of diesel for off-high
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2-12 Nearly all of the fuel ethanol
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2-14 Great care should be taken whe
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2-16 Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities
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Page 64 and 65:
2-20 Nearly all of the fuel ethanol
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2-24 Figure 2.2. Energy Intensities
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Source Chapter 3 All Highway Vehicl
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Page 76 and 77:
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The data on automobile and light tr
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The average age of automobiles was
Page 84 and 85:
Using current registration data and
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Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 4 Light Vehicles and Charac
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The Federal Highway Administration
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Over one-quarter of autos sold in 2
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The sales-weighted fuel economy of
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Back in 1976 only 20% of new light
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The compact, midsize, and large aut
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The large car size class is the onl
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The sales-weighted wheelbase of new
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The number of franchised dealership
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The Corporate Average Fuel Economy
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Manufacturers of autos and light tr
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Consumers continue to demand gas gu
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Vehicle Table 4.23 Vehicle Specific
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Source: See Table 4.23. Figure 4.2.
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The Environmental Protection Agency
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The US06 driving cycle was develope
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When comparing data between countri
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In 2001, the fatality rate for vehi
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For fatal crashes in 2001, sport-ut
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Source Chapter 5 Heavy Vehicles and
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Combination trucks include all truc
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Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey Th
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As expected, most light trucks trav
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In 1997 nearly 60% of all truck fle
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Commodity Flow Survey The Commodity
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Industries covered by the 1997 Comm
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There are currently not many source
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6-2 Alternative Fuels The U.S. Depa
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6-4 Nearly 90% of private alternati
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6-6 This list includes public and p
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6-8 The Honda Insight, Civic Hybrid
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6-10 The relative efficiencies of s
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6-12 In 1999 (the latest year for w
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6-14 Table 6.10 Properties of Conve
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Source Chapter 7 Fleet Vehicles and
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According to these estimates of lig
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These data, which apply to domestic
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Table 7.6 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acq
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Source Chapter 8 Household Vehicles
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Vehicle-miles per capita have nearl
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Household vehicle ownership shows a
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Due to methodology improvements in
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In 2001 vehicle-miles traveled (vmt
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The average vehicle occupancy, calc
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The average annual miles per vehicl
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According to the U.S. Census data,
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Sales of bicycles with wheel sizes
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In 2001, 5% of walk trips and 8% of
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Personal-use vehicles are by far th
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Source Chapter 9 Nonhighway Modes S
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These data include all internationa
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In the early seventies, domestic wa
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Page 196 and 197:
The Interstate Commerce Commission
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The “other” category, which con
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The National Railroad Passenger Cor
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This table on transit rail operatio
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Page 206 and 207:
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10-6 Though the cost of crude oil c
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10-8 The fuel prices shown here are
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10-10 Table 10.7 State Taxes on Mot
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10-12 At the end of 2001, only four
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10-14 In current dollars, import ca
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10-18 Knowing the number of employe
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11-2 The U. S. accounted for 23.0%
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11-4 Carbon dioxide emissions in 20
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11-6 Most U.S. transportation secto
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Source Chapter 12 Criteria Air Poll
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The transportation sector accounted
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The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emi
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APPENDIX A SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES
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Highway energy use Automobiles Ener
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Trucks Eno Transportation Foundatio
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Medium/Heavy Trucks: DOT, FHWA, Hig
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Nonhighway energy use Air General A
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Water Freight: Total - DOE, EIA, Fu
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Pipeline The sum of natural gas, cr
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Rail Freight: AAR, Railroad Facts,
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Transit - APTA, 2003 Transit Fact B
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Automobiles Passenger Travel and En
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Intercity School Air Passenger-mile
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Automobiles Highway Passenger Mode
Page 276 and 277:
Air Certificated air carriers Nonhi
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Truck Freight Mode Energy Intensiti
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Sales - Domestic and import totals
Page 282 and 283: Trucks less than 8,500 lbs (Classes
Page 284 and 285: Light Fleet Vehicle Population Flee
Page 286 and 287: Light trucks Business Bobit Publish
Page 288 and 289: B-2 Pounds (lb) Table B.1 Hydrogen
Page 290 and 291: B-4 Table B.4 Fuel Equivalents 1 mi
Page 292 and 293: B-6 Table B.7 Distance and Velocity
Page 294 and 295: B-8 FROM Horsepower Kilowatts Table
Page 296 and 297: B-10 Table B.12 Fuel Efficiency Con
Page 298 and 299: B-12 Table B.14 Metric Units and Ab
Page 300 and 301: TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: ED
Page 302 and 303: APPENDIX C MAPS TRANSPORTATION ENER
Page 304 and 305: Figure C1. Census Divisions and Reg
Page 306 and 307: Source: See Table C.2. Figure C.2.
Page 308 and 309: G-2 Alcohol - The family name of a
Page 310 and 311: G-4 Combination trucks - Consist of
Page 312 and 313: G-6 Energy capacity - Measured in k
Page 314 and 315: G-8 person living alone, two or mor
Page 316 and 317: G-10 M100 - 100% methanol. Medium t
Page 318 and 319: G-12 Poland, Portugal, Spain, Swede
Page 320 and 321: G-14 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil -
Page 322 and 323: G-16 Test weight - The weight setti
Page 324 and 325: TITLE INDEX TRANSPORTATION ENERGY D
Page 326 and 327: Automobiles (continued) Average Age
Page 328 and 329: (Category LDT3) ...................
Page 330 and 331: Countries Petroleum Stocks of OECD
Page 334 and 335: Heavy Trucks.......................
Page 336 and 337: FY Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitio
Page 338 and 339: Incentives State Ethanol Incentives
Page 340 and 341: Mile Automobile Operating Cost per
Page 342 and 343: Oil World Crude Oil Production, 196
Page 344 and 345: Powered Federal Exhaust Emission Ce
Page 346 and 347: New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 p
Page 348 and 349: Standards Automobile Corporate Aver
Page 350 and 351: Time Average Length of Time Busines
Page 352 and 353: United States Petroleum Production,
Page 354: Workers Workers by Commute Time, 19
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